大气CO2浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N2O排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.13.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究大气CO₂浓度和温度升高条件下稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放的响应规律，以期科学评估未来气候变化情境下，CO₂浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放的影响，为中国应对未来气候变化提供数据支持。【方法】依托同步模拟自由大气CO₂浓度升高和温度升高的T-FACE试验平台，设置本底大气CO₂浓度和温度（Ambient）、500 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ +本底大气温度（C）、本底大气CO₂浓度+温度增加2℃（T）和500 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ +温度增加2℃（C+T）等4个处理。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法原位观测稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放通量，研究稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的响应规律。【结果】（1）CO₂浓度升高使水稻和小麦生物量和产量分别显著增加9.7%、11.3%和5.6%、5.7%（P＜0.05）；温度升高使水稻和小麦生物量和产量分别显著减少21.1%、18.0%和31.6%、17.7%（P＜0.05）；CO₂浓度和温度的同步升高使水稻和小麦生物量和产量分别显著降低13.5%、8.7%和26.0%、10.3%（P＜0.05）。（2）CO₂浓度和温度升高，均未改变稻麦轮作系统N₂O的季节排放模式。CO₂浓度升高条件下，水稻季和小麦季N₂O排放分别增加15.2%和39.9%，其中后者达显著水平（P＜0.05）；温度升高未显著影响水稻季N₂O排放，但显著增加小麦季N₂O排放20.5%（P＜0.05）；CO₂浓度和温度同步升高对水稻季N₂O排放的影响存在较大的年际差异，但总体上有促进N₂O排放的趋势；CO₂浓度和温度同步升高极显著增加小麦季N₂O排放（46.0%，P＜0.01）。（3）小麦季N₂O排放与小麦生物量密切相关，在CO₂浓度和温度升高条件下，小麦季N₂O排放与小麦地下部生物量和ΔSOC之间具有显著的正相关关系。（4）与对照组相比，CO₂浓度升高、温度升高以及两者的共同作用，分别导致稻麦轮作系统单位产量的N₂O排放强度（GHGI）分别增加29.1%、66.3%和81.8%，其中温度升高和CO₂浓度和温度同步升高处理达显著水平（P＜0.05）。【结论】CO₂浓度升高和温度升高均未改变稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O的季节排放模式。CO₂浓度升高导致稻麦轮作系统N₂O排放显著增加；温度升高显著增加小麦季N₂O排放，但未显著影响水稻季N₂O排放。CO₂浓度和温度升高导致稻麦轮作系统温室气体排放强度增加，各处理条件下温室气体排放强度的响应从大小依次为：C+T >T>C。可见，在未来CO₂浓度和温度升高情境下，为保证现有粮食供应水平不变，由稻麦生产所导致的N₂O排放强度变化可能会进一步加剧气候变化进程。

关键词: T-FACE, 稻麦轮作, CO₂, 温度, 生物量, 产量, N₂O, 温室气体排放强度

Abstract: 【Objective】This study was conducted to examine the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and temperature on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from annual rice-wheat rotation systems, so as to gain an insight into N₂O fluxes response to climate change.【Method】An in-situ field experiment was established in annual rice-winter wheat rotation systems under a T-FACE platform, consisting of four treatments under different CO₂ concentration and temperature levels (ambient CO₂ + ambient temperature, ambient; 500 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ + ambient temperature, C; ambient CO₂ + temperature increased by 2℃, T; 500 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ + temperature increased by 2℃, C+T) during 2012-2015. The fluxes of N₂O from rice-wheat rotation fields were measured using static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method.【Result】(1) On an average of two rice-growing seasons, elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration significantly increased the biomass and yield of rice by 9.7% and 5.6%, respectively, and those increments of wheat were 11.3% and 5.7% over the three wheat-growing seasons（P＜0.05）, respectively; Elevated temperature significantly reduced the biomass and yield of rice by 21.1% and 31.6%, and those reductions of wheat were 18.0% and 17.7%, respectively; The combination of elevated CO₂ and temperature significantly reduced the biomass and yield of rice by 13.5%（P＜0.05）and 26.0%, and those reductions of wheat were 8.7% and 10.3%（P＜0.05）, respectively. (2) Either elevated CO₂ concentration or temperature did not affect the seasonal patterns of N₂O emission from rice-wheat rotation system. Elevated CO₂ concentration increased N₂O emissions in rice and wheat season by 15.2% and 39.9%, respectively. Elevated temperature did not affect N₂O emissions in rice season, but it significantly increased N₂O emissions in wheat season by 20.5% (P＜0.05). Despite of a considerable interannual variability, N₂O emissions tended to be increased by the combined effect of elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature in rice season; the emissions of N₂O in wheat season were significantly increased by 46.0% under the condition of C+T treatment. (3) The cumulative N₂O emissions in wheat were positively correlated with belowground biomass of wheat and ΔSOC. (4) Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, elevated temperature and their combination increased GHGI of rice-wheat rotation field by 29.1%, 66.3% and 81.8%, respectively.【Conclusion】All of these results showed that both elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature had a strong impact on the emission of N₂O in rice-wheat rotation field. Elevated CO₂ concentration significantly increased the emission of N₂O in both rice and wheat seasons; Elevated temperature significantly increased N₂O emission in wheat season, but no significant change was observed in rice season. Elevated CO₂ concentration increased N₂O-derived GHGI from rice-wheat rotation field, but it was not significantly different; Elevated temperature and the interactive between elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature significantly increased GHGI. The effects of different applied treatments on N₂O-derived GHGI from rice-wheat rotation field from high to low in order were: C+T>T>C. It was suggested from this study that to ensure present crop supply level under the condition of high atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature would likely to exacerbate climate change by increasing N₂O emission.

Key words: T-FACE, rice-wheat rotation, CO₂, temperature, biomass, yield, N₂O, GHGI

王从，李舒清，刘树伟，邹建文. 大气CO₂浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(13): 2535-2550.

WANG Cong, LI ShuQing, LIU ShuWei, ZOU JianWen. Response of N₂O Emissions to Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration and Temperature in Rice-wheat Rotation Agroecosystem[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(13): 2535-2550.

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大气CO₂浓度和温度升高对稻麦轮作生态系统N₂O排放的影响

Response of N₂O Emissions to Elevated Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration and Temperature in Rice-wheat Rotation Agroecosystem

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