不同地力下基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量及氮肥吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.10.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究不同地力条件下，水稻基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量、氮素利用率及群体质量的影响，并探明水稻高产适宜的基蘖肥运筹比例以及其是否受土壤地力条件的影响。【方法】选用武运粳23号为供试品种，采用大田小区试验，考察了5种基蘖肥运筹比例R₁(10﹕0)、R₂(7﹕3)、R₃(5﹕5)、R₄(3﹕7)、R₅(0﹕10)在2种地力水平（高地力、低地力）下对水稻产量及产量构成因素、氮素吸收利用及转运和群体质量的影响。【结果】低地力土壤下，随着蘖肥比例的增加，分蘖速度先增加后减少，高峰苗数降低，干物质积累、氮素利用率及产量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势，基蘖肥比例在施氮量300 kg·hm^-2时以3﹕7最佳，施氮量240 kg·hm^-2时以5﹕5最佳，此时产量及氮素农学利用率分别可达13.12、13.16 t·hm^-2及27.00、29.28 kg·kg^-1，显著高于其他处理。在高地力土壤中，随着蘖肥比例的增加，穗数先增加后减少，穗粒数呈现增加的趋势，产量、氮素农学利用率及偏生产力呈现减少趋势，但处理间差异不显著。高地力条件下的分蘖发生速率大于低地力条件，达到高峰苗时间缩短，高峰苗数高于低地力条件。高地力条件下抽穗期至成熟期的干物质积累量较高，有利于后期向籽粒中转运光合产物，因此结实率和千粒重要高于低地力条件，从而导致高地力条件下产量整体高于低地力。在2种地力条件下，不施基肥（R₅）处理的分蘖数及高峰苗数最低，分蘖发生时间推迟，表明基肥对于水稻实现分蘖快发、早发具有一定的促进作用；随着基肥用量的增加，分蘖发生时间缩短，缓苗加快，但是蘖肥期氮素供应不足，分蘖速率降低，使得群体到达有效穗数的时间延长。合理协调基肥和蘖肥的比例，低地力条件下基肥用量以50—60 kg·hm^-2、基蘖肥比例为1﹕1时，可保证高产的同时减少总氮肥用量（从300 kg·hm^-2 降低到240 kg·hm^-2）。【结论】基蘖肥运筹比例对产量及氮素利用率的影响因地力水平的差异而不同，并受总施氮量的影响。在低地力下要保证高产并减少氮肥用量，必须注重基蘖肥的合理运筹，保证一定量的基肥投入，并调整好基蘖肥比例。

关键词: 水稻, 基蘖肥比例, 地力水平, 产量及其构成, 氮素利用率, 分蘖动态

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of the experiment is to study the effect of ratio of basal and tiller fertilizer on yield, nitrogen use efficiency and rice population indices, and explore the optimum split ratio of basal and tiller fertilizer under different soil fertility for high-yielding rice. 【Method】 In this study, a field plot experiment was carried out with five different ratios of basal and tiller N fertilizer (0:10, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, 10:0) under low and high fertility soil using Wuyunjing 23 as planting material, respectively. The tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation and translocation, N uptake and utilization, and yield and yield components were measured.【Result】 Under low fertility soil, the maximum tiller number decreased, while the tillering rate, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen utilization and yield showed an inclination first then declination with the increasing ratio of tiller fertilizer, the yield and NUE were significantly higher than other treatments when the basal: tiller ratio of 3:7 and 5:5 with the total N rate of 300 and 240 kg·hm^-2, which could reach 13.12 t·hm^-2, 13.16 t·hm^-2 and 27.00 kg·kg^-1, 29.28 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Under high soil fertility, with the increasing ratio of tiller fertilizer, the panicle number first increased then declined while grains per panicle appeared increasing, a declination tendency was observed for yield and nitrogen utilization, but the differences among different treatments were not significant. Compared with those under low soil fertility, the tillering rate and maximum tillers were higher and the duration to maximum tillers was shorten under high soil fertility; more dry matter was accumulated after heading under high soil fertility, thus the filling rate and grain weight was higher than that of low soil fertility which resulted in the higher yield under high soil fertility. The tiller number and the maximum tillers were the lowest under no basal fertilizer treatment, and the tillering was delayed in spite of the soil fertility, which proved that basal fertilizer is essential for tillering. With the increase of basal N rate, the time for tillering was shorten, but the tillering rate reduced and the time to effective panicles was prolonged due to the lack of nitrogen supply at tillering stage. Therefore, optimizing the N split ratio of basal to tillering is essential for high rice yield. For this study, 60 kg N·hm^-2 of basal N and 1:1 of basal to tillering N was optimum for low fertility soil, and the N rate can be reduced from 300 kg·hm^-2 to 240 kg·hm^-2 while maintaining the high yield of 13 t·hm^-2.【Conclusion】The effect of different ratios of basal and tiller N fertilizer on yield and NUE varied with the soil fertility condition, and also depends on the total N rate. For low fertility soil, rational split ratio of basal and tiller N is very important to achieve the high yield and avoid the excess N input.

Key words: rice, ratio of basal and tiller N fertilizer, soil fertility, yield and yield components, NUE, tiller dynamic

范立慧，徐珊珊，侯朋福，薛利红，李刚华，丁艳锋，杨林章. 不同地力下基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量及氮肥吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(10): 1872-1884.

FAN Li-hui, XU Shan-shan, HOU Peng-fu, XUE Li-hong, LI Gang-hua, DING Yan-feng, YANG Lin-zhang. Effect of Different Ratios of Basal to Tiller Nitrogen on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Under Different Soil Fertility[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(10): 1872-1884.

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