中国农业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (22): 4493-4506.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.22.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

灌溉方式对寒地水稻产量及籽粒灌浆的影响

赵黎明1, 2,李明1,郑殿峰3,顾春梅2,那永光2,解保胜2   

  1. 1东北农业大学农学院,哈尔滨 150030
    2黑龙江省农垦科学院水稻研究所,黑龙江佳木斯154007
    3黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院, 黑龙江大庆 163319
  • 收稿日期:2015-04-27 出版日期:2015-11-16 发布日期:2015-11-16
  • 通讯作者: 李明,E-mail:liming@neau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:赵黎明,E-mail:nkzlm@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家“十二五”科技支撑计划(2012BAD04B0105,2012BAD04B0102,2012BAD20B0402)、公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201303102)

Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Grain Filling of Rice (Oryza sativa L. ) in Cold Region

ZHAO Li-ming1,2, LI Ming1, ZHENG Dian-feng3, GU Chun-mei2, NA Yong-guang2, XIE Bao-sheng2   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030
    2Rice Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang
    3College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang
  • Received:2015-04-27 Online:2015-11-16 Published:2015-11-16

摘要: 【目的】研究不同灌溉方式对寒地水稻茎蘖动态、干物质积累和籽粒灌浆特征的影响,以深化灌溉方式对籽粒灌浆过程调控的认识,为指导水稻高产、高效栽培提供依据。【方法】试验以空育131和垦稻24为试验材料,在大田设置重干湿交替灌溉(W1)、轻干湿交替灌溉(W2)和浅水灌溉(W3)3 种灌溉处理,分析灌溉处理对寒地水稻产量形成和籽粒灌浆特性的影响。【结果】不同灌溉方式对寒地水稻茎蘖数、成穗率、干物质积累量、抽穗后茎鞘干物质转运、籽粒灌浆、产量及其构成的影响均存在显著差异,W2和W1处理能够有效控制无效分蘖,增加结实率,降低植株高度和缩短倒3、4节间长度,其中W2处理下成穗率提高,干物质积累及转运能力增强,且千粒重也有明显增加。从灌浆特性上看,灌溉方式下空育131和垦稻24籽粒鲜重增加与花后天数呈二次曲线关系,模拟效果以垦稻24表现最佳,最大籽粒鲜重(Ymax)均以W2处理最大;W2处理下籽粒灌浆速率大且呈单峰曲线变化,前期生长迅速,到达最大灌浆速率时间早;籽粒干重增重可用Richards方程对籽粒灌浆过程进行分析相关系数在0.9940—0.9995,品种间籽粒灌浆中达到最大生长速率的时间(Tmax),最大生长速率(Gmax)以及平均生长速率(Gmean均表现为垦稻24>空育131。在产量方面,2012年W2处理下2个品种产量较W1处理增加13.91%—28.26%,较W3处理产量增加5.31—9.95%2013年W1处理产量增加22.05%—25.67%,较W3处理产量增加5.15—7.70%。因此,轻干湿交替灌溉方式的增产途径是农艺性状配置合理,抽穗后干物质积累能力强及所占比例高,茎鞘干物质转运能力强,形成较高的群体素质;籽粒灌浆中最终生长量(A)和起始生长势(R0)增加,Tmax值缩短,Gmax值和Gmean值提高;对二次枝梗作用效果大于一次枝梗,其中3粒二次枝梗粒数和产量明显增加,收获指数、千粒重和结实率高,最终籽粒产量高。【结论】灌溉方式对寒地水稻产量形成和籽粒灌浆过程的调控产生较大影响,从增产角度上看,目前轻干湿交替灌溉方式更适合在寒地水稻高产、高效栽培中应用,而重干湿交替和浅水灌溉不利于寒地水稻产量的增加。

关键词: 灌溉方式, 寒地水稻, 产量, 干物质积累, 灌浆特性

Abstract: 【Objective】This paper discusses the influences of irrigation regimes on the tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation, and grain-filling characteristics of rice in cold regions to deepen our understanding of the regulation of the grain-filling process. This study provides a theoretical basis for guiding the high yield and high-efficiency cultivation of rice.【Method】Kendao 24 and Kongyu 131 (two rice cultivars widely planted in northeastern China) were planted in the field with three types of irrigation regimes, namely, heavy irrigation with alternating wetting and drying (W1), light irrigation with alternating wetting and drying (W2), and irrigation with shallow water (W3). The influences of such irrigation regimes on the yield and grain filling of rice in cold regions were analyzed. 【Result】The irrigation treatments caused significant effects on the number of stem and tiller, percentage of earbearing tiller, dry matter accumulation, dry matter transmission in the stem-sheath after heading sprouting, grain-filling properties, and yield and its components. W2 and W1 treatments effectively controlled the ineffective tillering, increased the seed setting rate, reduced the height of the plant, and decreased the lengths of the third and fourth internodes from the top. Under W2 treatment, the percentage of earbearing tiller increased, the dry matter accumulation and transport capability was enhanced, and the 1000-grain weight increased significantly. The filling characteristics showed that the relationship between the fresh weight of grain and the days after anthesis was a quadratic curve relation under different irrigation regimes. The simulation effect of Kendao 24 was better than that of Kongyu 131, and the maximum grain fresh weight of W2 treatment was the largest in the two varieties. W2 treatment had a large grain-filling rate, which showed a single peak curve, and an early rapid growth; it also started filling early and reached the maximum grain-filling rate immediately. Grain dry weight can be analyzed by the Richards equation. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9940 to 0.9995. The high final weight of a kernel (A), initial grain-filling potential (R0), high maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax), and mean grain-filling rate (Gmean) of W2 treatment were the highest. Between the two varieties, Kongyu 131 presented a shorter time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax) value than Kendao 24. However, the Gmax and Gmean values of Kendao 24 were higher than those of Kongyu 131. In terms of production, the processing actual output of W2 treatment increased by 13.91% to 28.26% and by 5.31 to 9.95% in 2012 compared with those of W1 and W3 treatments, respectively. However, the actual output of W2 treatment increased only by 22.05% to 25.67% and by 5.15% to 7.70% in 2013 compared with those of W1 and W3 treatments, respectively. Therefore, the yield increasing way of W2 treatment was achieved by the reasonable allocation of plant agronomic traits, high dry matter accumulation capability and proportion, strong stem and sheath dry matter transport capacity, and formation of high-quality population. High final weight of a kerne (A) and initial grain-filling potential (R0) increased, the Tmax value was shortened, the Gmax value and the Gmean value were increased. The effect of the secondary rachis branch was greater than that of the primary rachis branch, which significantly increased the secondary branch grain number and yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, and seed setting rate, thereby causing a high grain yield.【Conclusion】Irrigation regimes had a great effect on the yield formation and regulation of the grain-filling process of rice in cold regions. Regarding production, W2 treatment was more suitable to be applied to achieve high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of rice in cold regions, whereas W1 and W3 treatments were not conducive to the increase in rice yield in cold regions.

Key words: irrigation regimes, rice in cold region, yield, dry matter accumulation, grain-filling properties