不同施肥制度下中国东部典型土壤易分解与耐分解氮的组分特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】土壤易分解氮（labile nitrogen，Lab-N）和耐分解氮（recalcitrant nitrogen，Rec-N）是土壤氮库的两个重要组分，其组分含量与比例可反映土壤有机氮周转与固存特性。因此，研究土壤长期不同施肥制度下易分解氮与耐分解氮的含量及比例特性，是土壤氮库管理与土壤肥力质量建设的重要研究内容。【方法】利用中国东部3种旱作土样（吉林公主岭黑土、河南郑州潮土、湖南祁阳红壤）和1种水稻土土样（湖南望城），运用颗粒密度分组法，研究长期不施肥（CK）、施化肥（NPK）、化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）4种不同施肥制度下易分解氮和耐分解氮的含量及比例变化特征。【结果】旱作土壤易分解氮的平均含量为0.15 g·kg^-1（0.10—0.29 g·kg^-1）低于水田的0.22 g·kg^-1（0.20—0.23 g·kg^-1），而其占全氮的比例高于水田。经23年处理后，旱作土壤CK处理全氮含量较试验初期氮含量显著下降，下降的比例为7.5%—9.7%，水稻土则显著上升，升高的比例为11.5%；长期NPK处理，旱作土壤和水田全氮含量较CK显著增加，红壤易分解氮含量较CK易分解氮显著下降，其他地点无显著变化；长期NPKS处理，旱作和水田土壤全氮含量显著增加，黑土和水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例较CK无显著变化，红壤易分解氮含量显著下降，而潮土易分解氮含量显著增加；长期NPKM处理，显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及易分解氮占全氮的比例，其中黑土增加的比例最大分别为85.0%、106.0%和4.2%，水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例无显著差异性。4种土壤耐分解氮的含量与全氮含量的变化趋势一致，均表现为NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK＞CK，其中NPKM处理降低了耐分解氮占全氮的比例。【结论】旱作土壤易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例对不同施肥处理的响应比水田更加敏感。化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例，效果优于秸秆还田，更优于化肥处理。

关键词: 旱地, 水田, 长期施肥, 易分解氮, 耐分解氮

Abstract: 【Objective】Labile nitrogen (Lab-N) and recalcitrant nitrogen (Rec-N) are two important components of soil nitrogen, and their ratio has an effect on nitrogen turnover and sequestration properties. Therefore, it is important to study the characteristics of Lab-N and Rec-N under different long-term fertilization systems for better nitrogen management and soil fertility improvement. 【Method】Lab-N, Rec-N and their ratio were studied by particle size-density separation method under four long-term fertilizer treatments, namely no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer combined with straw (NPKS), and chemical fertilizer combined with manure (NPKM), of three upland soils (Gongzhuling black soil, Zhengzhou fluvo-aquic soil and Qiyang red soil) and Wangcheng paddy soil that collected from east China. 【Result】 The average Lab-N in upland soils was 0.15 g·kg^-1, much lower than that of paddy soil (0.22 g·kg^-1). While Lab-N/TN in upland soils was much higher than that in paddy soil. After 23 years, the Total N (TN) of the upland soils under CK treatment decreased significantly (7.5%-9.7%) compared with the start of the experiment, while in the paddy soil the TN increased by 11.5%. The TN contents in all soils under NPK treatment were significantly higher than that of CK treatment. The Lab-N of red soil under NPK treatment was significantly lower than that of CK treatment, while for other soils there were no significant differences under two treatments. The TN contents of all soils under NPKS treatment increased significantly compared with CK treatment, while there was no significant difference in the Lab-N and Lab-N/TN between black soil and paddy soil. The Lab-N of red soil under NPKS treatment decreased significantly compared with CK treatment, while the Lab-N of fluvo-aquic soil increased significantly. The TN, Lab-N and the Lab-N/TN in the upland soils under NPKM treatment increased significantly. And the black soil increased the most by 85.0%, 106.0% and 4.2%; there was no significant difference in the Lab-N and Lab-N/TN in the paddy soil between NPKM and CK treatments. Both the Rec-N and the TN in four soils under four different treatments were in the order of NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK＞CK. The Rce-N/TN under NPKM decreased significantly compared with CK treatment. 【Conclusion】 Both the Lab-N and the Lab-N/TN in upland soils were more susceptible to fertilizer application compared with paddy soil. The TN, Lab-N and Lab-N/TN all increased significantly under NPKM treatment, and the improvement effect was in the order of NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK.

Key words: labile nitrogen, recalcitrant nitrogen, upland soil, paddy soil, long-term fertilization

于维水，卢昌艾，李桂花，武红亮，赵雅雯，王碧胜，孟繁华. 不同施肥制度下中国东部典型土壤易分解与耐分解氮的组分特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(15): 3005-3014.

YU Wei-shui, LU Chang-ai, LI Gui-hua, WU Hong-liang, ZHAO Ya-wen, WANG Bi-sheng, MENG Fan-hua. Component Characteristics of Soil Labile and Recalcitrant Nitrogen Under Different Long-Term Fertilization Systems in East China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(15): 3005-3014.

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