中国农业面源污染防治政策的演进、实践逻辑与有效性测量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.08.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】农业面源污染防治政策是指导农业环境治理的主要依据，针对中国农业面源污染防治政策逻辑的系统分析亟待学术跟进。本文以1978—2022年国务院及各部委颁布的469条农业面源污染防治政策为研究对象，系统分析中国农业面源污染防治政策的演进脉络与实践逻辑，并测量政策文本的有效性。【方法】采用政策文本分析明晰农业面源污染防治政策的演进路径，修正并运用模糊-冲突模型与制度环境三维度理论框架阐释农业面源污染防治政策的实践逻辑，以及应用文本挖掘测量农业面源污染防治政策的有效性。【结果】中国农业面源污染防治政策经历了孕育、初创、确立、调适与深化五个阶段，并已基本形成“宏观制度与微观细则并重、纵向传导与横向衔接并行、系统治理与源头管控并施”的政策框架体系。农业面源污染防治政策的制发逻辑在于“先立法、后调适、再实践”，执行逻辑在不同阶段呈现出差异化的执行模式与支配因素，偏差逻辑则源于环境规制、政府激励与主体认知的诱致性变通。农业面源污染防治政策数量与综合效力均呈波动上升趋势，具体来看政策力度呈“先高后低”的变化趋势，政策目标持续聚焦减少农药化肥使用、推进禽畜粪尿治理与提高秸秆利用效率，政策措施总体呈现行政规制>技术支持>经济激励>教育引导的特征，并且相关政策的部门协同度、目标协同度与措施协同度均持续提高。【结论】改革开放以来，中国政府越来越主张通过政策干预实施农业面源污染防治，注重通过强化顶层设计、明确主体责任与完善配套机制，破解农业面源污染防治政策的调适性、模糊性与诱致性弊端。中国依靠行政力量主导所推行的农业面源污染防治取得了显著成效，这可为全球发展中国家农业面源污染防治政策的优化调整提供参考。

关键词: 农业面源污染, 农业政策演进, 有效性, 模糊-冲突模型, 文本挖掘, 中国

Abstract:

【Objective】Policies for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPSP) serve as the primary basis for guiding agricultural environmental governance. A systematic analysis of the policy logic of China’s ANPSP control urgently requires academic attention. This study took 469 ANPSP control policies issued by the State Council and relevant ministries and commissions from 1978 to 2022 as the research object, and systematically analyzed the evolutionary context and practical logic of China’s ANPSP control policies and measures the effectiveness of policy texts. 【Method】Policy text analysis was adopted to clarify the evolutionary path of ANPSP control policies. The Ambiguity-Conflict Model and the Three-Dimensional Theoretical Framework Based on the Institutional Environment were revised and applied to explain the practical logic of these policies, and text mining was used to measure their effectiveness. 【Result】China’s ANPSP control policies have gone through five stages, including the stage of policy incubation, the stage of policy initiation, the stage of policy establishment, the stage of policy adjustment, and the stage of policy deepening, and have basically formed a policy framework characterized by "equal emphasis on macro systems and micro rules, parallel advancement of vertical transmission and horizontal connection, and simultaneous implementation of systematic governance and source control." The logic of formulating and issuing ANPSP control policies followed the sequence of "legislation first, adjustment later, and practice finally." The implementation logic presented differentiated implementation modes and dominant factors in different stages, while the deviation logic stemmed from induced flexibility caused by environmental regulations, government incentives, and subject cognition. The number of ANPSP control policies and their comprehensive force both showed a fluctuating upward trend. Specifically, policy efforts presented a "high first, then low" trend; policy objectives continued to focus on reducing the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, promoting the management of livestock and poultry manure, and improving the efficiency of straw utilization; policy measures generally showed the characteristics of administrative regulation > technical support > economic incentive > educational guidance; and the departmental synergy, objective synergy, and measure synergy of relevant policies have all significantly enhanced. 【Conclusion】Since the reform and opening-up, the Chinese government has increasingly advocated to control the ANPSP through policy intervention. It has focused on addressing the drawbacks of adaptability, ambiguity and inducement in such policies by strengthening top-level design, clarifying main responsibilities and improving supporting mechanisms. China has achieved remarkable results in ANPSP control lending by administrative forces, which could provide reference for the optimization and adjustment of ANPSP control policies in developing countries worldwide.

Key words: agricultural non-point source pollution, agricultural policy evolution, effectiveness, ambiguity-conflict model, text mining, China

邹利林. 中国农业面源污染防治政策的演进、实践逻辑与有效性测量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(8): 1727-1747.

ZOU LiLin. Evolution, Practical Logic, and Effectiveness Measurement of China’s Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control Policies[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(8): 1727-1747.

图/表 11

表1

表2

农业面源污染防治政策目标量化标准"

政策目标 Policy objective	分值 Score	政策目标评分标准 Score criteria of policy objectives
树立污染防治理念 Establish the concept of pollution control	5	从立法角度要求加大污染防治宣传，全面提升污染防治意识，并制定了详细的工作方案 From a legislative perspective, it is required to strengthen the publicity of pollution control, comprehensively enhance the awareness of pollution control, and formulate detailed work plans
	3	政府十分支持树立污染防治理念，并明确要求制定全面提升污染防治意识的方案或办法 The government strongly supports the establishment of pollution prevention principles and explicitly mandates the development of plans or measures to comprehensively enhance pollution prevention awareness
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods
建立高效节水体系 Build an efficient water-saving system	5	从立法角度对农业节水管理提出了强制性规定，并制定了详细的标准 From a legislative perspective, mandatory regulations on agricultural water management are introduced, along with detailed standards
	3	政府十分支持建立高效农业节水体系，并明确要求制定具体的方案或办法 The government strongly supports the establishment of an efficient agricultural water-saving system and explicitly mandates the development of specific plans or measures
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施与办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods
减少农药化肥使用 Reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers	5	从立法角度对农药化肥生产、管理等环节提出了强制性规定，并制定了详细的减量措施 From a legislative perspective, mandatory regulations are established for the production and management of pesticides and fertilizers, accompanied by detailed measures for the reduction
	3	政府十分支持减少农药化肥使用，并明确要求制定相关方案或办法 The government strongly supports reducing the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and has explicitly required the formulation of relevant plans or measures
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施与办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods
推进禽畜粪尿治理 Promote the management of livestock and poultry manure	5	从立法角度对畜禽养殖污染防治提出了强制性规定，并制定了标准化管理办法 From a legislative perspective, mandatory regulations are established for the pollution control from livestock and poultry farming, accompanied by the development of detailed standard management procedures
	3	政府十分支持推进禽畜养殖污染治理，并明确要求制定的具体方案或办法 The government strongly supports advancing pollution control in livestock and poultry farming and explicitly mandates the development of specific plans or measures
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施与办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods
提高秸秆利用效率 Improve the efficiency of straw utilization	5	从立法角度对秸秆资源化利用提出了强制性规定，并制定了详细的标准 From a legislative perspective, mandatory regulations are established concerning the resource utilization of straws, accompanied by detailed standards
	3	政府十分支持开展秸秆资源化利用，并明确要求制定具体方案或办法 The government strongly supports enhancing the resource utilization of straws and mandates the development of specific plans or measures
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施与办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods
推进农业固碳减排 Advance agricultural carbon sequestration and emission reduction	5	从立法角度对推进农业固碳减排提出了强制性规定，并制定了详细的技术标准 From a legislative perspective, mandatory provisions have been put forward for promoting agricultural carbon sequestration and emission reduction, and detailed technical standards have been formulated
	3	政府十分支持推进农业固碳减排，并明确要求制定具体方案或办法 The government strongly supports promoting agricultural carbon sequestration and emission reduction, and explicitly requires the formulation of specific plans or measures.
	1	仅提及上述内容，但未出台相关措施与办法 It only mentions the above content without introducing any related measures or methods

表2

表3

农业面源污染防治政策措施量化标准"

政策措施 Policy measure	分值 Score	政策措施评分标准 Score criteria of policy measures
行政规制 Administrative regulations	5	对产生农业面源污染的项目实施严格的行政审批与上级控制，并制定了专门的管理办法 Strict administrative examination and approval and superior control are implemented for projects that generate agricultural non-point source pollution, and special management measures have been formulated
	3	制定了关于减少农业面源污染考核、监督、检查的补充性政策或制度 Supplementary policies for the assessment, supervision, and inspection of reducing agricultural pollution have been formulated
	1	对相关的管理控制较为松散，或仅谈及上述条款 The management controls related to this issue are relatively lax or only address the aforementioned provisions
经济激励 Economic incentives	5	制定了详细的税收、补贴、罚款等措施，并且针对各项措施列出了明确数额或比例 Detailed measures such as taxation, subsidies, and fines have been formulated, with clear amounts or proportions specified for each measure
	3	列出了相关的激励措施，但缺少具体数额或比例 Relevant incentive measures are outlined, but lacking specific amounts or proportions
	1	仅提及加强经济激励，但没有具体的举措 Only mention is made of strengthening economic incentives, but there are no specific measures
技术支持 Technical support	5	明确提及研发或推广某项具体的技术，并针对该项技术做出了详细的说明 A specific technology for development or promotion is explicitly mentioned, and detailed explanations are provided for that technology
	3	明确提出技术支持，并且针对该项技术做出了较为具体的说明，或列举了多项具体的技术 Technical support is clearly proposed, and specific explanations are given for the technology, or multiple specific technologies are listed
	1	仅谈及鼓励相关技术的开发运用 It only mentions encouraging the development and application of relevant technologies
教育引导 Educational guidance	5	明确提出引导农村或农民加强对农业面源污染防治的关注与治理，并制定了具体的方案措施 It clearly proposes to guide rural areas or farmers to strengthen their attention to agricultural pollution control, and formulates specific plans
	3	提出加强对农业面源污染防治的宣传，并提出相关引导措施但不够具体 It is proposed to strengthen the publicity on pollution control, and relevant guiding measures are put forward but not specific enough
	1	仅提及鼓励对教育宣传措施的运用，但未出台的具体措施 Only the use of educational and publicity measures is mentioned as being encouraged, but no specific measures have been introduced

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表4

表5

中国农业面源污染防治政策的目标协同度"

年份 Year	目标3&1 Objective 3&1	目标3&2 Objective 3&2	目标3&4 Objective 3&4	目标3&5 Objective 3&5	目标3&6 Objective 3&6	目标4&1 Objective 4&1	目标4&2 Objective 4&2	目标4&5 Objective 4&5	目标4&6 Objective 4&6	目标5&1 Objective 5&1	目标5&2 Objective 5&2	目标5&6 Objective 5&6
1978	0	0	4.44	0	11.11	0	0	0	4.44	0	0	0
1979	0	0	34.22	24.44	45.89	0	0	15.56	21.78	0	0	15.56
1981	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1982	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1983	0	1.67	5.00	0	11.11	0	1.67	0	0	0	0	0
1984	0	0	15.00	0	5.00	0	0	0	1.67	0	0	0
1988	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1989	0	0	27.00	27.00	11.67	0	0	27.00	0	0	0	0
1990	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1991	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1993	0	140.00	180.00	106.67	15.00	0	122.67	89.33	11.00	0	81.33	13.00
1994	0	0	0	0	11.11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1995	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1996	0	4.67	29.00	18.33	9.67	0	6	10	7.67	0	3.33	3.33
1997	30.00	0	0	10.00	0	0	0	0	0	16.67	0	0
1998	0	0	0	0	11.11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1999	15.00	0	15.00	35.00	0	9.00	0	15.00	0	15.00	0	0
2000	0	5.00	35.00	0	43.33	0	3.89	0	0	0	0	19.44
2001	13.00	4.33	13.00	10.11	21.67	9.00	3.00	7.00	15.00	7.00	2.33	11.67
2002	99.78	12.11	122.67	27.33	29.67	90.78	17.11	35.78	24.78	20.67	7.33	19.11
2003	35.56	133.33	164.00	60.67	4.67	32.33	150.00	44.89	1.67	1.00	28.33	0
2004	23.67	7.22	27.44	6.33	21.67	69.33	72.22	13.00	21.67	7.00	1.67	5.00
2005	44.11	184.67	180.00	84.11	139.33	31.67	202.78	196.22	151.00	22.00	99.33	53.33
2006	70.67	125.78	159.67	133.67	46.00	91.33	194.22	155.00	66.00	53.11	124.44	49.56
2007	224.22	222.33	397.11	422.89	277.44	286.67	249.67	546.00	343.00	271.56	269.67	345.33
2008	94.00	150.22	320.33	111.67	142.00	108.89	181.33	139.89	146.22	38.33	123.33	87.33
2009	13.33	43.67	46.89	115.78	98.56	10.67	36.33	19.22	14.22	4.67	63.78	74.89
2010	36.78	73.00	74.67	79.00	75.44	60.67	174.78	100.11	159.78	31.33	103.67	96.78
2011	188.00	204.89	268.22	227.44	211.33	187.33	254.67	241.56	218.33	105.00	216.78	181.00
2012	83.89	248.11	198.56	158.67	200.67	139.56	220.67	206.89	253.67	86.78	166.67	157.11
2013	34.33	137.78	294.00	122.44	190.00	30.00	173.56	224.11	159.89	21.33	122.67	139.11
2014	44.22	31.00	67.33	66.00	58.67	100.33	89.00	182.67	159.33	94.33	80.00	146.44
2015	314.67	404.89	515.00	421.00	433.44	356.56	418.44	499.00	390.00	260.33	369.00	407.78
2016	324.89	373.67	647.00	586.11	467.67	340.11	432.22	526.67	426.89	302.00	304.67	461.33
2017	378.89	580.22	844.11	744.78	596.67	331.00	491.56	745.11	543.78	314.33	487.56	539.56
2018	256.67	321.22	830.33	570.67	480.67	295.33	472.00	555.33	500.11	259.33	335.33	440.78
2019	63.67	197.44	399.67	420.22	338.78	66.11	170.89	394.67	274.67	43.44	164.44	325.67
2020	8.33	40.67	39.44	43.44	54.00	11.00	35.67	169.33	78.11	16.33	29.56	168.11
2021	230.44	422.89	616.11	433.78	540.67	242.00	393.67	508.56	575.00	169.67	296.56	470.33
2022	179.00	162.44	405.89	464.67	509.78	244.22	191.00	405.11	479.67	178.00	182.89	561.67

表5

表6

中国农业面源污染防治政策的措施协同度"

年份 Year	措施1&2 Measure 1&2	措施1&3 Measure 1&3	措施1&4 Measure 1&4	措施3&1 Measure 3&1	措施3&2 Measure 3&2	措施3&4 Measure 3&4	年份 Year	措施1&2 Measure 1&2	措施1&3 Measure 1&3	措施1&4 Measure 1&4	措施3&1 Measure 3&1	措施3&2 Measure 3&2	措施3&4 Measure 3&4
1978	75.11	40.44	23.11	40.44	40.44	12.44	2003	214.11	135.44	126.50	135.44	74.33	48.56
1979	131.67	98.33	108.33	98.33	65.44	42.56	2004	18.11	18.78	16.33	18.78	5.89	5.44
1981	60.00	46.67	46.67	46.67	28.00	21.78	2005	204.22	152.56	118.78	152.56	78.11	67.44
1982	6.67	60.00	86.67	60.00	4.00	52.00	2006	316.22	207.11	123.44	207.11	156.67	85.89
1983	100.11	65.44	37.22	65.44	45.44	17.22	2007	294.11	338.22	332.22	338.22	231.22	208.67
1984	75.00	41.67	25.00	41.67	25.00	8.33	2008	320.67	232.89	142.56	232.89	145.22	91.33
1988	65.00	21.67	7.22	21.67	15.00	1.67	2009	66.78	75.33	55.22	75.33	36.67	64.00
1989	83.33	55.00	41.67	55.00	11.67	8.33	2010	212.44	182.22	115.78	182.22	86.22	86.56
1990	1.33	2.67	2.67	2.67	0.89	1.78	2011	218.67	297.89	197.78	297.89	151.11	164.89
1991	28.33	15.00	12.78	15.00	12.33	5.67	2012	288.78	242.56	152.33	242.56	176.56	101.00
1993	41.67	25.00	25.00	25.00	9.67	6.33	2013	531.56	284.78	217.78	284.78	165.22	105.22
1994	6.67	2.22	2.22	2.22	1.33	0.44	2014	266.89	192.78	80.56	192.78	132.44	54.11
1995	67.33	22.44	12.67	22.44	15.33	2.44	2015	759.22	504.89	495.22	504.89	335.11	270.00
1996	250.00	134.44	170.00	134.44	82.67	81.33	2016	575.00	468.56	404.00	468.56	282.89	251.67
1997	107.33	54.00	38.89	54.00	48.67	15.78	2017	649.22	728.11	371.56	728.11	376.56	263.22
1998	6.67	2.22	2.22	2.22	1.33	0.44	2018	765.22	519.33	392.89	519.33	288.11	177.56
1999	10.00	20.00	10.00	20.00	4.44	3.56	2019	438.11	457.78	345.00	457.78	296.78	260.67
2000	204.44	83.33	32.22	83.33	43.33	15.56	2020	283.44	255.89	181.11	255.89	144.78	109.56
2001	102.00	57.67	28.67	57.67	49.11	14.89	2021	621.89	510.89	383.11	510.89	347.00	249.78
2002	40.22	55.78	49.33	55.78	22.78	16.67	2022	377.89	416.33	345.11	416.33	218.78	204.67

表6

参考文献 42

[1]	田云, 夏锐, 张星琰. 中国农业面源污染强度测算: 时空分异、动态演进与空间集聚. 环境科学, 2025, 46(9): 5608-5618.
	TIAN Y, XIA R, ZHANG X Y. Evaluation of China’s agricultural non-point source pollution intensity: Spatial and temporal differentiation, dynamic evolution and spatial agglomeration. Environmental Science, 2025, 46(9): 5608-5618. (in Chinese)
[2]	罗必良. 新质生产力: 颠覆性创新与基要性变革: 兼论农业高质量发展的本质规定和努力方向. 中国农村经济, 2024(8): 2-26.
	LUO B L. New quality productive forces, disruptive innovation, and fundamental change: The essential requirements and striving direction for high-quality development of agriculture. Chinese Rural Economy, 2024(8): 2-26. (in Chinese)
[3]	孟庆雷, 殷宇翔, 王煜昊. 我国农业碳排放的时空演化、脱钩效应及绩效评估. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(20): 4049-4066. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.010.
	MENG Q L, YIN Y X, WANG Y H. Spatial-temporal evolution, decoupling effect and performance evaluation of China’s agricultural carbon emissions. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(20): 4049-4066. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.010. (in Chinese)
[4]	金书秦, 沈贵银, 魏珣, 韩允垒. 论农业面源污染的产生和应对. 农业经济问题, 2013(11): 97-102.
	JIN S Q, SHEN G Y, WEI X, HAN Y L. On the generation and countermeasures of agricultural non-point source pollution. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2013(11): 97-102. (in Chinese)
[5]	ZOU L L, LIU Y S, WANG Y S, HU X D. Assessment and analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution loads in China: 1978-2017. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 263: 110400. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110400
[6]	TANG F H M, LENZEN M, MCBRATNEY A, MAGGI F. Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale. Nature Geoscience, 2021, 14(4): 206-210. doi: 10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5
[7]	梁志会, 张露, 张俊飚. 土地整治与化肥减量: 来自中国高标准基本农田建设政策的准自然实验证据. 中国农村经济, 2021(4): 123-144.
	LIANG Z H, ZHANG L, ZHANG J B. Land consolidation and fertilizer reduction: quasi-natural experimental evidence from China’s well-facilitated capital farmland construction. Chinese Rural Economy, 2021(4): 123-144. (in Chinese)
[8]	伍骏骞, 阎宇, 蒋玉. 时间偏好对农户采纳生物农药意愿的影响: 基于农业技术推广方式的调节作用. 资源科学, 2023, 45(6): 1268-1283. doi: 10.18402/resci.2023.06.13
	WU J Q, YAN Y, JIANG Y. Impact of farmers’ time preference on their adoption intention of bio-pesticides: Based on the moderating effect of agricultural technology extension mode. Resources Science, 2023, 45(6): 1268-1283. (in Chinese) doi: 10.18402/resci.2023.06.13
[9]	SPRINGMANN M, VAN DINGENEN R, VANDYCK T, LATKA C, WITZKE P, LEIP A. The global and regional air quality impacts of dietary change. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 6227. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41789-3 pmid: 37802979
[10]	华春林, 张玖弘, 金书秦. 基于文本量化的中国农业面源污染治理政策演进特征分析. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(7): 1385-1398. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.07.010.
	HUA C L, ZHANG J H, JIN S Q. Analysis to evolution characteristics of policies for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution in China: Based on text quantification. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(7): 1385-1398. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.07.010. (in Chinese)
[11]	金书秦, 邢晓旭. 农业面源污染的趋势研判、政策评述和对策建议. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(3): 593-600. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.03.016.
	JIN S Q, XING X X. Trend analysis, policy evaluation, and recommendations of agricultural non-point source pollution. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(3): 593-600. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.03.016. (in Chinese)
[12]	芦千文, 姜长云. 欧盟农业农村政策的演变及其对中国实施乡村振兴战略的启示. 中国农村经济, 2018(10): 119-135.
	LU Q W, JIANG C Y. The evolution of the European union’s agriculture and rural policies and enlightenment to China’s rural revitalization strategy. Chinese Rural Economy, 2018(10): 119-135. (in Chinese)
[13]	CODERONI S, ESPOSTI R. CAP payments and agricultural GHG emissions in Italy. A farm-level assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 627: 427-437. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.197
[14]	CZYŻEWSKI B, TROJANEK R, DZIKUĆ M, CZYŻEWSKI A. Cost-effectiveness of the common agricultural policy and environmental policy in country districts: Spatial spillovers of pollution, bio- uniformity and green schemes in Poland. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 726: 138254. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138254
[15]	BALOGH J M. The impacts of agricultural subsidies of Common Agricultural Policy on agricultural emissions: The case of the European Union. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská Ekonomika), 2023, 69(4): 140-150. doi: 10.17221/51/2023-AGRICECON
[16]	VOGELER C S. The integration of environmental objectives in the common agricultural policy: Partisan politics in the European Parliament. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 2022, 15(4): 551-569. doi: 10.1007/s12286-021-00496-3
[17]	AGGARWAL P, VYAS S, THORNTON P, CAMPBELL B M, KROPFF M. Importance of considering technology growth in impact assessments of climate change on agriculture. Global Food Security, 2019, 23: 41-48. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.04.002
[18]	ANUGA S W, CHIRINDA N, NUKPEZAH D, AHENKAN A, ANDRIEU N, GORDON C. Towards low carbon agriculture: Systematic-narratives of climate-smart agriculture mitigation potential in Africa. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2020, 2: 100015. doi: 10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100015
[19]	ERJAVEC K, ERJAVEC E. Framing agricultural policy through the EC’s strategies on CAP reforms (1992-2017). Agricultural and Food Economics, 2021, 9(1): 5. doi: 10.1186/s40100-021-00178-4
[20]	YAO C, YANG Y D, LI C X, SHEN Z J, LI J Q, MEI N, LUO C Z, WANG Y M, ZHANG C, WANG D Y. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils from surrounding industries with low emissions: Assessing contamination levels and sources. Science of the Total Environment, 2024, 917: 170610. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170610
[21]	石祖梁, 李想, 王久臣, 王飞, 孙仁华, 宋成军. 中国秸秆资源空间分布特征及利用模式. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2018, 28(S1): 202-205.
	SHI Z L, LI X, WANG J C, WANG F, SUN R H, SONG C J. Thespatial distribution characteristics and utilization model of crop straw in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018, 28(S1): 202-205. (in Chinese)
[22]	左喆瑜, 付志虎. 绿色农业补贴政策的环境效应和经济效应: 基于世行贷款农业面源污染治理项目的断点回归设计. 中国农村经济, 2021(2): 106-121.
	ZUO Z Y, FU Z H. The environmental and economic effects of green agricultural subsidy policies: A regression of discontinuity design based on agricultural non-point source pollution control programs with the world bank’s loan in Guangdong Province. Chinese Rural Economy, 2021(2): 106-121. (in Chinese)
[23]	马九杰, 崔恒瑜. 农业保险发展的碳减排作用: 效应与机制. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2021, 31(10): 79-89.
	MA J J, CUI H Y. Effect and mechanism of agricultural insurance on agricultural carbon emission reduction. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2021, 31(10): 79-89. (in Chinese)
[24]	MATLAND R E. Synthesizing the implementation literature: The ambiguity-conflict model of policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 1995, 5(2): 145-174.
[25]	王法硕, 王如一. 中国地方政府如何执行模糊性政策: 基于A市“厕所革命”政策执行过程的个案研究. 公共管理学报, 2021, 18(4): 10-21, 166.
	WANG F S, WANG R Y. How do Chinese local governments implement ambiguous policy: A case study of the “toilet revolution” policy in the city A. Journal of Public Management, 2021, 18(4): 10-21, 166. (in Chinese)
[26]	林伯强, 邹楚沅. 发展阶段变迁与中国环境政策选择. 中国社会科学, 2014(5): 81-95, 205-206.
	LIN B Q, ZOU C Y. Changes in developmental stage and environmental policy options in China. Social Sciences in China, 2014(5): 81-95, 205-206. (in Chinese)
[27]	胡业飞, 崔杨杨. 模糊政策的政策执行研究: 以中国社会化养老政策为例. 公共管理学报, 2015, 12(2): 93-105, 157.
	HU Y F, CUI Y Y. Implementation of ambiguous policy: The case of socialized aged care service policy in China. Journal of Public Management, 2015, 12(2): 93-105, 157. (in Chinese)
[28]	袁方成, 范静惠. 政策执行模式的转换及其逻辑: 一个拓展的“模糊-冲突”框架. 中国行政管理, 2022, 38(3): 13-21.
	YUAN F C, FAN J H. The transformation of policy implementation mode and its logic: An extended“ambiguity-conflict” framework. Chinese Public Administration, 2022, 38(3): 13-21. (in Chinese)
[29]	陈世香, 邹胜男. 地方政府公共文化政策执行阻滞的生成逻辑: 基于制度环境三维度理论框架的分析. 上海行政学院学报, 2019, 20(3): 25-36.
	CHEN S X, ZOU S N. The generative logic of implementation block for local government public cultural policies in China: The analysis of three dimensional theoretical framework based on the institutional enviroment. The Journal of Shanghai Administration Institute, 2019, 20(3): 25-36. (in Chinese)
[30]	KOSTOVA T. Country institutional profiles: concept and measurement. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1997, 1997(1): 180-184.
[31]	李珒. 中央与地方关系视角下环境政策执行偏差及其破解. 东岳论丛, 2020, 41(4): 53-59.
	LI J. Deviation of environmental policy implementation and its solution from the perspective of the relationship between central and local governments. Dongyue Tribune, 2020, 41(4): 53-59. (in Chinese)
[32]	彭纪生, 仲为国, 孙文祥. 政策测量、政策协同演变与经济绩效: 基于创新政策的实证研究. 管理世界, 2008, 24(9): 25-36.
	PENG J S, ZHONG W G, SUN W X, Policy measurement, policy co-evolution and economic performance: An empirical study based on innovation policy. Journal of Management World, 2008, 24(9): 25-36. (in Chinese)
[33]	张国兴, 张振华, 管欣, 方敏. 我国节能减排政策的措施与目标协同有效吗?: 基于1052条节能减排政策的研究. 管理科学学报, 2017, 20(3): 161-181.
	ZHANG G X, ZHANG Z H, GUAN X, FANG M. Is the synergy between measures and objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China effective?: Research on 1052 energy conservation and emission reduction policies. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2017, 20(3): 161-181. (in Chinese)
[34]	FUSCO G, CAMPOBASSO F, LAURETI L, FRITTELLI M, VALENTE D, PETROSILLO I. The environmental impact of agriculture: An instrument to support public policy. Ecological Indicators, 2023, 147: 109961. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.109961
[35]	石凯含, 尚杰. 农业面源污染防治政策的演进轨迹、效应评价与优化建议. 改革, 2021(5): 146-155.
	SHI K H, SHANG J. Evolution track, effect evaluation and optimization suggestions of agricultural non-point source pollution control policies. Reform, 2021(5): 146-155. (in Chinese)
[36]	丁煌. 政策制定的科学性与政策执行的有效性. 南京社会科学, 2002(1): 38-44.
	DING H. On the scientificalness of the policy enactment and the availability of the policy implementation. Social Sciences in Nanjing, 2002(1): 38-44. (in Chinese)
[37]	魏后凯, 刘长全. 中国农村改革的基本脉络、经验与展望. 中国农村经济, 2019(2): 2-18.
	WEI H K, LIU C Q. The outline, experiences and prospect of China’s rural reform. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019(2): 2-18. (in Chinese)
[38]	埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆. 公共事物的治理之道:集体行动制度的演进. 余逊达, 陈旭东, 译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 2012.
	OSTROM E. Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.YU X D, CHEN X D, Trans. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2012. (in Chinese)
[39]	周雪光. 运动型治理机制: 中国国家治理的制度逻辑再思考. 开放时代, 2012(9): 105-125.
	ZHOU X G. Sports governance mechanism: Rethinking on the institutional logic of state governance in China. Open Times, 2012(9): 105-125. (in Chinese)
[40]	任丙强. 地方政府环境政策执行的激励机制研究: 基于中央与地方关系的视角. 中国行政管理, 2018, 34(6): 129-135.
	REN B Q. The incentive mechanisms of local environmental policy implementation: From the perspective of central-local relations. Chinese Public Administration, 2018, 34(6): 129-135. (in Chinese)
[41]	周黎安. 中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究. 经济研究, 2007, 42(7): 36-50.
	ZHOU L A. Governing China’s local officials: An analysis of promotion tournament model. Economic Research Journal, 2007, 42(7): 36-50. (in Chinese)
[42]	周忠良, 曹丹, 刘观平, 刘颖琪, 沈迟. 公共危机事件中政策认同的构建研究: 基于陕西省的实证分析. 公共行政评论, 2023, 16(5): 125-140.
	ZHOU Z L, CAO D, LIU G P, LIU Y Q, SHEN C. Constructing policy identity during a public crisis event: Empirical analysis of Shaanxi Province’s experience. Journal of Public Administration, 2023, 16(5): 125-140. (in Chinese)

分值 Score	政策力度评分标准 Score criteria of policy efforts
5	全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会颁布的法律 The laws promulgated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee
4	国务院、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院颁布的条例、指令、意见、方案、规定、决定、办法、解释等 The regulations, directives, opinions, plans, provisions, decisions, measures, and interpretations issued by the State Council, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate
3	国务院颁布的暂行条例、暂行规定、通知、规划以及国家部委颁布的条例、决定、规定 The provisional regulations, interim provisions, notices, and plans issued by the State Council, as well as the regulations, decisions, and provisions issued by state ministries and commissions
2	国家部委颁布的意见、办法、方案、指南、决定、细则、条件、标准 The opinions, measures, plans, guidelines, decisions, detailed rules, conditions, and standards issued by state ministries and commissions
1	国务院各部委颁布的通知、公告、规划 The notices, announcements, and plans issued by state ministries and commissions