中国荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重遗传参数及育种值估计

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.04.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【背景】中国荷斯坦牛是我国主要的乳用牛品种，其生产性能直接关系到产业的经济效益。初生重和断奶重是评估犊牛健康和未来产奶潜力的关键早期性状，系统掌握其遗传规律是实现高效遗传改良的基础。然而，基于我国大规模荷斯坦牛群体，系统评估其初生重与断奶重遗传参数、育种值及遗传趋势的研究仍相对有限。【目的】探究影响中国荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重的非遗传因素，同时估计其遗传参数及育种值，为我国荷斯坦牛的高效选育提供理论依据。【方法】收集河北省某规模化荷斯坦牛牧场2017—2023年的完整生产记录。经过严格的数据清洗，并追溯其完整的三代系谱，最终获得来自5 798头母牛，100头公牛的15 672头荷斯坦犊牛的有效初生重和断奶重数据。采用SPSS 26.0软件的GLM模型分析出生年份、出生季节、胎次、性别及产犊类型等固定效应对荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重的影响。使用DMU软件的AI-REML结合EM算法，通过拟合双性状动物模型估计荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重的各方差组分，计算初生重和断奶重的遗传力及两性状间遗传相关。利用动物模型BLUP法估计所有个体的育种值，并通过对种公牛育种值排名、后代性能比较以及遗传趋势分析，评估育种实践的效果。【结果】对荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重数据描述性统计显示：荷斯坦牛初生重均值为（40.05±4.53） kg，断奶重均值为（100.31±8.60） kg。固定效应显著性检验结果表明：出生年份、出生季节、胎次、性别及产犊类型对荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重均具有极显著影响（P<0.01）。初生重直接遗传力为0.57（0.04），断奶重直接遗传力为0.39（0.02），均属于高遗传力性状。初生重与断奶重之间存在中高强度的正向遗传相关，估计值为0.46±0.04。育种值估计准确性高，排名前十的种公牛，其后代的平均初生重（40.26 kg）和断奶重（104.41 kg）均显著高于排名后十的种公牛后代(39.08 kg、97.90 kg)。对荷斯坦犊牛初生重和断奶重绘制遗传趋势图可知，随出生年份的增长，初生重和断奶重的平均育种值变化较大，整体呈现波动下降趋势。【结论】荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重受年份、性别等影响，证实初生重和断奶重的高遗传力以及两性状间中高遗传相关，支持对其进行协同选育。筛选出早期生长性状优异的种公牛，建议在实际育种中优先选用断奶重育种值高而初生重适中的种公牛。研究揭示了中国荷斯坦牛早期体重性状的遗传规律，为中国荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重性状的遗传选育和平衡育种策略的制定提供了理论基础和数据支持。

关键词: 中国荷斯坦牛, 初生重, 断奶重, 遗传力, 估计育种值

Abstract:

【Background】The Chinese Holstein is the primary dairy cattle breed in China, and its production performance is directly linked to the economic sustainability of the industry. Birth weight and weaning weight are key early-life traits used to evaluate calf health and future milk production potential. A systematic understanding of their genetic characteristics is essential for effective genetic improvement. However, comprehensive studies evaluating the genetic parameters, breeding values, and genetic trends of birth weight and weaning weight in large Chinese Holstein populations remain limited.【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the non-genetic factors influencing these traits, estimate their genetic parameters and breeding values, and provide a theoretical basis for efficient genetic selection in Chinese Holstein cattle.【Method】Complete production records from a large-scale Holstein farm in Hebei Province between 2017 and 2023 were collected. Following rigorous data cleaning and tracing of complete three-generation pedigrees, valid birth weight and weaning weight data were obtained from 15 672 Holstein calves, derived from 5 798 dams and 100 sires. The GLM procedure in SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the effects of fixed factors (including birth year, birth season, parity, sex, and calving type) on birth weight and weaning weight. Variance components for both traits were estimated using a two-trait animal model with the AI-REML and EM algorithms in DMU software. Heritabilities and the genetic correlation between the two traits were subsequently calculated. Breeding values for all individuals were estimated using the BLUP method under an animal model. The effectiveness of breeding practices was evaluated by ranking sires based on estimated breeding values, comparing progeny performance, and analyzing genetic trends.【Result】Descriptive statistics indicated mean values of (40.05±4.53) kg for birth weight and (100.31±8.60) kg for weaning weight. Fixed effects analysis revealed that birth year, season, parity, sex, and calving type had highly significant effects (P<0.01) on both traits. The direct heritability estimates were 0.57 (0.04) for birth weight and 0.39 (0.02) for weaning weight, indicating high heritability for both traits. A moderate-to-high positive genetic correlation (0.46±0.04) was observed between birth weight and weaning weight. Breeding value estimation demonstrated high accuracy, with progeny of the top ten sires showing significantly higher mean birth weight (40.26 kg) and weaning weight (104.41 kg) compared to those of the bottom ten sires (39.08 kg and 97.90 kg, respectively). Genetic trend analysis revealed considerable fluctuation in average breeding values for both traits over birth years, with an overall declining trend.【Conclusion】Birth weight and weaning weight in Chinese Holstein cattle are influenced by factors such as birth year and sex. The results confirm the high heritability of both traits and a moderate-to-high genetic correlation between them, supporting their simultaneous selection in breeding programs. Sires exhibiting superior performance in early growth traits were identified, and it is recommended to prioritize the use of bulls with high breeding values for weaning weight and moderate breeding values for birth weight in practical breeding. This study clarifies the genetic basis of early body weight traits in Chinese Holstein cattle, providing a theoretical foundation and data support for genetic improvement and the formulation of balanced breeding strategies for birth weight and weaning weight.

Key words: Chinese Holstein cattle, birth weight, weaning weight, heritability, estimated breeding value

张文瑄, 谢硕奇, 吴鑫, 王月强, 李阳光, 张震, 任小丽, 高腾云, 梁栋, 黄河天. 中国荷斯坦牛初生重和断奶重遗传参数及育种值估计[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(4): 900-911.

ZHANG WenXuan, XIE ShuoQi, WU Xin, WANG YueQiang, LI YangGuang, ZHANG Zhen, REN XiaoLi, GAO TengYun, LIANG Dong, HUANG HeTian. Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Breeding Values for Birth Weight and Weaning Weight in Chinese Holstein Cattle[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(4): 900-911.

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性状 Trait	样本量 N	均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	最大值 Max	最小值 Min	中位数 Median
初生重Birth weight(kg)	15672	40.05	4.53	11.31	54.00	27.00	40.00
断奶重Weaning weight(kg)	15672	100.31	8.60	8.57	127.38	72.71	100.62

效应 Effect	水平 Level	数据量 N	初生重 Birth weight(kg)	断奶重 Weaning weight(kg)
胎次 Parity			**	**
	1	5670	38.31±0.05c	98.51±0.12e
	2	3672	41.09±0.07a	101.22±0.14bc
	3	2802	41.11±0.09a	101.93±0.15ab
	4	1852	40.97±0.11a	100.63±0.19cd
	5	985	40.86±0.15a	102.40±0.25a
	6	541	41.05±0.21a	100.34±0.37d
	7+	150	40.41±0.36b	98.43±0.70e
出生年份 Birth year			**	**
	2017	463	38.59±0.16e	83.26±0.39f
	2018	663	39.97±0.17c	95.91±0.35e
	2019	2651	38.66±0.08e	97.94±0.13d
	2020	3062	39.51±0.08d	101.77±0.14b
	2021	3054	40.36±0.08b	104.51±0.14a
	2022	4403	40.89±0.07a	100.37±0.12c
	2023	1376	41.13±0.13a	99.96±0.19c
出生季节 Birth season			**	**
	春季Spring	3452	40.35±0.07a	102.47±0.13a
	夏季Summer	3708	39.35±0.07c	97.80±0.16d
	秋季Autumn	4222	39.99±0.07b	99.77±0.12c
	冬季Winter	4290	40.47±0.07a	101.28±0.13b
性别 Sex			**	**
	雌性Female	14354	39.71±0.04b	100.53±0.07a
	雄性Male	1318	43.77±0.13a	97.64±0.29b
产犊类型 Calving type			**	**
	单胎Singleton pregnancy	14802	40.32±0.04a	100.51±0.07a
	多胎Multiple pregnancy	870	35.43±0.12b	96.54±0.27b

参数 Parameter	初生重 Birth weight	断奶重 Weaning weight
加性遗传方差σ²_a	9.68	16.87
母体遗传方差σ²_m	1.81	0.35
母体永久环境方差σ²_pm	0.59	0.11
残差方差σ²_e	5.04	26.35
表型方差σ²_p	17.11	43.68
直接遗传力及标准误h²_d±SE	0.57±0.04	0.39±0.02
母体遗传力及标准误h²_m±SE	0.11±0.03	0.01±0.004
遗传相关及标准误r_A±SE	0.46±0.04

排名 Rank	初生重Birth weight					断奶重Weaning weight
排名 Rank	ID	育种值 EBV	可靠性 Rel(%)	后代数 N	均值 Mean (kg)	ID	育种值 EBV	可靠性 Rel(%)	后代数 N	均值 Mean (kg)
前十Top10					40.26					104.41
1	S54	5.40	96	201	38.98	S66	13.34	93	147	107.44
2	S35	4.24	95	175	38.70	S96	12.89	91	122	99.15
3	S19	3.85	91	64	40.67	S16	12.38	96	444	106.53
4	S5	3.59	97	296	43.22	S17	10.92	96	359	104.01
5	S62	3.38	97	308	40.15	S36	10.88	92	115	104.71
6	S80	3.03	93	92	39.45	S67	10.74	89	79	105.83
7	S40	2.97	90	58	39.97	S18	10.64	96	308	102.13
8	S60	2.86	96	338	41.38	S37	10.03	85	53	103.79
9	S37	2.62	90	53	41.06	S19	8.89	87	64	105.34
10	S96	2.38	94	122	39.01	S15	8.49	96	342	103.94
后十Bottom 10					39.08					97.90
1	S4	-4.93	96	239	38.63	S81	-16.23	92	125	97.88
2	S23	-3.81	98	487	38.65	S6	-13.77	94	294	95.63
3	S1	-3.80	97	660	40.46	S30	-10.11	97	673	99.27
4	S78	-3.39	94	119	37.56	S4	-9.57	94	239	98.16
5	S81	-3.12	95	125	37.83	S7	-9.47	96	618	97.98
6	S30	-3.08	98	673	37.83	S57	-9.45	91	115	101.34
7	S3	-3.04	95	225	41.21	S33	-9.06	89	108	98.75
8	S8	-3.03	97	358	38.84	S29	-8.24	93	189	99.16
9	S10	-2.95	91	73	40.60	S97	-8.02	89	102	88.40
10	S15	-2.56	97	342	39.16	S26	-7.10	97	892	102.44

ID	真实牛号 True cattle number	出生年份 Birth year	体重综合指数 Body weight composite index	难产率 Dystocia rate(%)	死产率 Stillbirth rate(%)	乳房综合指数 Udder composite index
S19	***HO11981	2016	0.45	1.5	2.9	-0.10
S37	***HO11531	2013	0.98	1.6	3.6	-0.71
S96	***HO14258	2007	1.06	1.4	3.7	-1.36
S15	***HO12240	2017	-0.28	1.1	3.4	0.73
S4	***HO03869	2018	-2.10	1.2	3.9	0.00
S81	***HO15055	2018	-0.33	1.1	2.8	0.50
S30	***HO12346	2017	-0.55	1.3	3.0	-0.23