油菜与杂草生物量和养分竞争对氮磷钾肥用量的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.03.007

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 481-489.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.03.007

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

油菜与杂草生物量和养分竞争对氮磷钾肥用量的响应

盛倩男¹(), 余小红¹, 周雄², 田贵生², 吴海亚², 耿国涛¹, 闫金垚¹, 李静¹, 任涛¹, 鲁剑巍¹()

¹华中农业大学微量元素研究中心/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室，武汉 430070
²湖北省武穴市农业局，湖北武穴 435400

收稿日期:2021-12-21 接受日期:2022-04-11 出版日期:2023-02-01 发布日期:2023-02-14
通信作者: 鲁剑巍，E-mail：lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
联系方式: 盛倩男，E-mail：shengqiannan@webmail.hzau.edu.cn。
基金资助:
湖北省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(HBHZD-ZB-2020-005);国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2662020ZHPY005)

Response of Biomass and Nutrient Competition Between Oilseed Rape and Weed to the Rate of N, P and K Fertilizer

SHENG QianNan¹(), YU XiaoHong¹, ZHOU Xiong², TIAN GuiSheng², WU HaiYa², GENG GuoTao¹, YAN JinYao¹, LI Jing¹, REN Tao¹, LU JianWei¹()

¹Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070
²Agricultural Bureau of Wuxue City, Hubei Province, Wuxue 435400, Hubei

Received:2021-12-21 Accepted:2022-04-11 Published:2023-02-01 Online:2023-02-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】杂草是限制油菜丰产的重要因素之一，养分的合理管理对杂草防控起到关键作用。本研究在大田条件下，探究氮、磷、钾肥施用量对油菜与杂草生物量及养分竞争的影响，为生态控草和农业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验，采用单因素试验设计，设置氮（0、90、180和270 kg N·hm^-2，分别用N0、N1、N2和N3表示）、磷（0、45、90和135 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2，分别用P0、P1、P2和P3表示）、钾（0、60、120和180 kg K₂O·hm^-2，分别用K0、K1、K2和K3表示）各4个不同用量梯度田间试验。在油菜成熟期，测定油菜籽产量、油菜和杂草的生物量及相应的养分含量，计算养分积累量，分析油菜与杂草的养分竞争关系及其对肥料用量的响应。【结果】施肥显著提高油菜籽产量、地上部总生物量和相应的养分积累量，在氮、磷、钾3种养分中，油菜生长和养分吸收对缺磷最敏感。N0、P0和K0处理的油菜籽产量分别为560、227和1 490 kg·hm^-2，分别只占相应最高产量（N3、P3和K3处理）的18.2%、7.5%和50.1%，油菜地上部总生物量随着养分的投入变化趋势与籽粒产量一致。N0、P0和K0处理的油菜相应养分积累量依次为19.96、0.88和 26.21 kg·hm^-2，分别占相应最高养分积累量的12.24%、3.72%、22.26%。杂草生物量和相应的养分积累量随着3种养分施用量的增加不断下降（磷肥用量试验P2处理最高除外），N0、P0和K0处理的杂草生物量分别为1 365、3 060和1 535 kg·hm^-2，分别是相应最低杂草生物量（N3、P2和K3处理）的7.59倍、5.19倍和3.61倍；N0、P0和K0处理杂草的相应养分积累量依次为17.60、1.91和9.38 kg·hm^-2，分别是相应最低杂草养分积累量（N3、P2和K3处理）的3.78倍、1.54倍和1.52倍。与磷和钾相比，杂草与油菜对氮的养分竞争力更强，在各氮肥处理时杂草的氮含量均高于油菜。施肥提高了油菜与杂草的生物量和相应养分积累量的比值，除不施磷处理外，其他所有处理的油菜与杂草的生物量和相应养分积累量的比值均大于1，且这个比值随施肥量的增加而不断提高（磷肥用量试验P2处理最高除外），说明充足的养分供应可以显著提高油菜的生长势及养分吸收能力，发挥了抑制杂草的作用。【结论】冬油菜田间杂草的危害程度受养分供应状况的控制，施肥有效弥补了油菜生长前期除草剂不能完全控制整个生育期杂草的不足，氮、磷、钾肥充足施用能显著降低杂草生物量和相应的养分积累量，油菜与杂草竞争能力对3种养分的响应程度为磷>氮>钾。

关键词: 氮磷钾肥用量, 油菜, 杂草, 生物量, 养分, 竞争力

Abstract:

【Objective】 Weed is one of the important factors limiting the high yield of oilseed rape. The reasonable management of nutrients plays a key role in weed control. This study explored the effects of N, P and K fertilizer application rate on the biomass and nutrient competition between oilseed rape and weed under field conditions, so as to provide a basis for ecological grass control and sustainable agricultural development.【Method】 The field experiment was carried out in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, and a single factor experimental design was adopted. Four different rate gradients of N (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N·hm^-2, expressed by N0, N1, N2 and N3 respectively), P (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, expressed by P0, P1, P2 and P3 respectively), and K (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg K₂O·hm^-2, expressed by K0, K1, K2 and K3 respectively) were set. Oilseed rape yield, the biomass of oilseed rape and weed were investigated at the mature stage. The corresponding nutrient content was measured, the nutrient accumulation was calculated, and the nutrient competition relationship between oilseed rape and weed and its response to the rate of fertilizer were analyzed. 【Result】 Fertilization significantly increased oilseed rape yield, total shoot biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation, among the three nutrients of N, P and K, the growth and nutrient accumulation of oilseed rape were the most sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The yield of oilseed rape treated with N0, P0 and K0 were 560, 227 and 1 490 kg·hm^-2 respectively, accounting for 18.2%, 7.5% and 50.1% of the highest yield of corresponding nutrient treatments (N3, P3 and K3), respectively. The variation trend of total shoot biomass with nutrient input was consistent with yield. The oilseed rape corresponding nutrient accumulation of N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 19.96, 0.88 and 26.21 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which accounted for 12.24%, 3.72% and 22.26% of the highest nutrient accumulation of corresponding nutrient treatments, respectively. With the increasing of the application rate of three kinds of nutrient, the weed biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation decreased (except the highest treatment P2 in the P fertilizer rate test), the weed biomass of N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 1 365, 3 060 and 1 535 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which were the corresponding minimum weed biomass (N3, P2 and K3 treatment) 7.59 times, 5.19 times and 3.61 times, respectively; the corresponding nutrient accumulation of weed in N0, P0 and K0 treatments were 17.60, 1.91 and 9.38 kg·hm^-2, respectively, which were 3.78 times, 1.54 times and 1.52 times higher than that in the corresponding minimum weed nutrient accumulation (N3, P2 and K3 treatment), respectively. Compared with P and K, the weed and oilseed rape had the greatest nutrient competitiveness to N, and the all N fertilizer treatment, the N content of weed was higher than that of oilseed rape. Fertilization increased the ratio of biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation between oilseed rape and weed, except for no P application, the ratio of biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation between oilseed rape and weed in other treatments was greater than 1, and this ratio increased with the increase of fertilization (except the highest treatment P2 in the P fertilizer rate test), which showed adequate nutrient supply can significantly improve the growth and nutrient absorption capacity, meanwhile it played a role in weed suppression.【Conclusion】 The harm degree of weed in winter oilseed rape field was controlled by nutrient supply, fertilization effectively made up for the deficiency that herbicide in the early stage could not completely control weed in the whole growth period. The sufficient application of N, P and K fertilizer could significantly reduce weed biomass and corresponding nutrient accumulation, under the experimental conditions, the response degree of three nutrients to the competitiveness between oilseed rape and weed was P>N>K.

Key words: rate of N, P and K fertilizer, oilseed rape, weed, biomass, nutrient, competitiveness

盛倩男, 余小红, 周雄, 田贵生, 吴海亚, 耿国涛, 闫金垚, 李静, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 油菜与杂草生物量和养分竞争对氮磷钾肥用量的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(3): 481-489.

SHENG QianNan, YU XiaoHong, ZHOU Xiong, TIAN GuiSheng, WU HaiYa, GENG GuoTao, YAN JinYao, LI Jing, REN Tao, LU JianWei. Response of Biomass and Nutrient Competition Between Oilseed Rape and Weed to the Rate of N, P and K Fertilizer[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(3): 481-489.

图/表 3

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施肥水平Fertilization level	N (%)			P (%)			K (%)
施肥水平Fertilization level	油菜 Oilseed rape	杂草 Weed	N_O/N_W	油菜 Oilseed rape	杂草 Weed	N_O/N_W	油菜 Oilseed rape	杂草 Weed	N_O/N_W
0	0.94b	1.29c	0.73	0.10b	0.06d	1.67	0.53c	0.62d	0.85
1	1.11b	1.40c	0.80	0.14b	0.17c	0.78	0.83c	0.97c	0.86
2	1.13b	1.93b	0.59	0.21a	0.21b	1.00	1.42b	1.40b	1.01
3	1.43a	2.17a	0.66	0.25a	0.27a	0.91	1.86a	1.88a	0.99

油菜与杂草生物量和养分竞争对氮磷钾肥用量的响应

Response of Biomass and Nutrient Competition Between Oilseed Rape and Weed to the Rate of N, P and K Fertilizer

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