中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (7): 1322-1337.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.07.002
张洪程,邢志鹏,翁文安,田晋钰,陶钰,程爽,胡群,胡雅杰,郭保卫,魏海燕
收稿日期:
2021-01-13
接受日期:
2021-03-01
出版日期:
2021-04-01
发布日期:
2021-04-22
通讯作者:
张洪程,邢志鹏
作者简介:
张洪程,E-mail:基金资助:
ZHANG HongCheng,XING ZhiPeng,WENG WenAn,TIAN JinYu,TAO Yu,CHENG Shuang,HU Qun,HU YaJie,GUO BaoWei,WEI HaiYan
Received:
2021-01-13
Accepted:
2021-03-01
Online:
2021-04-01
Published:
2021-04-22
Contact:
HongCheng ZHANG,ZhiPeng XING
摘要:
随着农村优质劳力减少和劳动力成本攀升以及农业规模化经营的发展,直播水稻作为一种轻简化的种植技术应用面积不断扩大。因此,促进直播水稻稳产与增产对保证中国粮食安全具有重要意义。根据我国南方多熟制地区直播水稻生产特点,笔者提出了生育约束型直播水稻的概念,即受前茬作物的影响,直播水稻较移栽水稻播种晚,全生育期缩短,温光资源利用减少,加上前茬秸秆全量还田和短农耗期内粗放或半粗放化整地播种,造成种子和苗期都处于多种逆境下,显著制约了水稻的正常出苗与生育,使水稻产量不高不稳。这种生育约束型直播水稻在生产上应用已较为广泛,制约了大面积平衡增产。为此,有针对性地探究了生育约束型直播水稻稳产栽培途径,选用江苏代表性的穗粒兼顾型粳稻品种,在大面积有代表性的简化耕作播种条件下,通过设置基本苗量120万/hm 2、240万/hm 2和360万/hm 2处理,分别代表分蘖为主成穗型、主茎分蘖成穗并重型、主茎成穗型3种栽培途径,系统比较研究各类型水稻群体光合物质生产特征、产量与品质特征,初步认为“适当增加基本苗,增加主茎成穗比例,以主茎成穗为主,通过足量主茎穗数产出较高群体颖花量,在生育中后期积累更多的干物质量”是利于生育约束型直播水稻稳产增效的有效栽培途径。本文中还介绍了生育约束型直播水稻稳产栽培关键技术,并对合理发展直播水稻提出了建议。
张洪程,邢志鹏,翁文安,田晋钰,陶钰,程爽,胡群,胡雅杰,郭保卫,魏海燕. 生育约束型直播水稻生育特征与稳产关键技术[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7): 1322-1337.
ZHANG HongCheng,XING ZhiPeng,WENG WenAn,TIAN JinYu,TAO Yu,CHENG Shuang,HU Qun,HU YaJie,GUO BaoWei,WEI HaiYan. Growth Characteristics and Key Techniques for Stable Yield of Growth Constrained Direct Seeding Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(7): 1322-1337.
表1
江苏地区种植方式对水稻生育期的影响"
生态区 Ecological area | 品种类型 Variety type | 种植方式 Planting method | 播种期 Sowing (M-D) | 拔节期 Jointing (M-D) | 抽穗期 Heading (M-D) | 成熟期 Maturity (M-D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
兴化 Xinghua | 常规粳稻JCR | 机插 MT | 05-28 | 07-31 | 09-06 | 10-26 |
直播 DS | 06-13 | 08-05 | 09-10 | 10-30 | ||
籼粳杂交稻JIHR | 机插 MT | 05-28 | 07-27 | 09-02 | 10-24 | |
直播 DS | 06-13 | 08-01 | 09-07 | 10-28 | ||
杂交籼稻IHR | 机插 MT | 05-28 | 08-01 | 09-10 | 10-23 | |
直播 DS | 06-13 | 08-09 | 09-19 | 11-02 | ||
盐城 Yancheng | 杂交粳稻JHR | 机插 MT | 05-29 | 07-26 | 08-20 | 10-17 |
直播 DS | 06-28 | 08-08 | 09-19 | 10-28 | ||
常规粳稻JCR | 机插 MT | 05-29 | 07-30 | 08-30 | 10-17 | |
直播 DS | 06-28 | 08-15 | 09-10 | 10-24 | ||
东海 Donghai | 常规粳稻JCR | 机插 MT | 05-31 | 08-15 | 09-02 | 10-31 |
直播 DS | 06-15 | 08-20 | 09-07 | 11-04 |
表2
种植方式对水稻主要阶段有效积温与太阳辐射积累量的影响"
品种类型 Variety type | 种植方式 Planting method | 营养生长期Vegetative | 生殖生长期Reproductive | 灌浆结实期Grain filling | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有效积温 EAT (℃·d) | 太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2) | 有效积温 EAT (℃·d) | 太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2) | 有效积温 EAT (℃·d) | 太阳辐射积累量 SRA (MJ·m-2) | ||
常规粳稻 JCR | 机插 MT | 970a | 1256a | 544a | 620a | 516a | 878a |
直播 DS | 836b | 992b | 516a | 583a | 476a | 841a | |
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR | 机插 MT | 903a | 1177a | 556a | 623a | 549a | 910a |
直播 DS | 761b | 903b | 540a | 621a | 506a | 864a | |
杂交籼稻 IHR | 机插 MT | 867a | 1288a | 492a | 655a | 345a | 759a |
直播 DS | 794b | 1063b | 458a | 636a | 307b | 740a |
表3
种植方式对水稻部分农艺指标的影响"
参数 Parameter | 常规粳稻JCR | 籼粳杂交稻JIHR | 杂交籼稻IHR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
机插 MT | 直播 DS | 机插 MT | 直播 DS | 机插 MT | 直播 DS | ||
剑叶 Flag leaf | 长Length (cm) | 25.3a | 22.5a | 39.9a | 36.7b | 45.8a | 42.1b |
比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm-2) | 4.9a | 4.8a | 5.1a | 5.0a | 4.8a | 4.6a | |
叶基角Leaf basal angle (°) | 5.6b | 7.2a | 6.5b | 8.4a | 4.9b | 5.7a | |
披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°) | 5.4a | 6.3a | 6.8a | 7.7a | 10.6b | 11.5a | |
倒二叶 Penultimate leaf | 长Length (cm) | 38.0a | 35.2b | 48.5a | 45.5b | 60.8a | 56.9b |
比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm-2) | 5.0a | 4.9a | 5.2a | 5.1b | 4.8a | 4.8a | |
叶基角Leaf basal angle (°) | 12.7a | 12.6a | 12.7b | 14.2a | 13.5b | 14.5a | |
披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°) | 8.1b | 9.9a | 9.8b | 11.4a | 15.6a | 16.1a | |
倒三叶 Antepenultimate leaf | 长Length (cm) | 33.4a | 31.1b | 45.5a | 42.6b | 57.0a | 55.6b |
比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg·cm-2) | 4.8a | 4.7a | 5.0a | 4.9a | 4.8a | 4.7a | |
叶基角Leaf basal angle (°) | 12.5b | 14.9a | 16.6b | 18.8a | 20.5b | 23.7a | |
披垂度Leaf drooping angle (°) | 7.9b | 10.6a | 10.3b | 13.4a | 21.3b | 23.2a | |
基部第1节间 First internode | 长Length (cm) | 2.5b | 3.1a | 2.3a | 2.9a | 2.8b | 3.2a |
粗Diameter (cm) | 0.624a | 0.600a | 0.829a | 0.796b | 0.822a | 0.801a | |
基部第2节间 Second internode | 长Length (cm) | 6.2b | 6.7a | 6.3a | 6.6a | 7.9a | 8.3a |
粗Diameter (cm) | 0.510a | 0.481a | 0.699a | 0.679b | 0.713a | 0.684b | |
基部第3节间 Third internode | 长Length (cm) | 10.7a | 11.2a | 12.4a | 12.9a | 12.1a | 12.5a |
粗Diameter (cm) | 0.438a | 0.407b | 0.621a | 0.600a | 0.617a | 0.582b | |
穗长Panicle length (cm) | 15.3a | 14.5b | 20.1a | 18.7b | 23.5a | 21.8b | |
株高Plant Height (cm) | 96.1a | 92.1b | 109.1a | 106.1a | 116.9a | 110.9b | |
穗粒数Spikelets per panicle | 125.8a | 111.5b | 214.1a | 188.4b | 165.4a | 147.9b | |
穗重Panicle weight (g) | 3.2a | 2.8b | 4.8a | 4.1b | 3.7a | 3.2b | |
相对重心高Relative gravity center height (%) | 45.1b | 46.3a | 51.6a | 52.5a | 48.9a | 50.0b | |
单茎茎鞘重 Dry weight per stem plus sheath | 抽穗期Heading (g) | 1.80a | 1.63b | 2.67a | 2.34b | 2.31a | 2.07b |
乳熟期Milky stage (g) | 1.45a | 1.33b | 2.05a | 1.85b | 1.83a | 1.70b | |
成熟期Maturity (g) | 1.59a | 1.43b | 2.41a | 2.09b | 1.98a | 1.77b |
表4
种植方式对水稻主要生育时期茎蘖数和成穗率的影响"
品种类型 Variety type | 种植方式 Planting method | 基本苗 Basic seedlings (×104 hm-2) | 拔节期 Jointing (×104 hm-2) | 抽穗期 Heading (×104 hm-2) | 成熟期 Maturity (×104 hm-2) | 成穗率 Percentage of productive tiller (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
常规粳稻 JCR | 机插 MT | 75.8 | 473.9b | 366.6b | 356.8b | 75.3a |
直播 DS | 90.0 | 519.0a | 385.0a | 366.5a | 70.6b | |
籼粳杂交稻 JIHR | 机插 MT | 50.5 | 329.9b | 254.8b | 248.2b | 75.3a |
直播 DS | 60.0 | 359.7a | 266.3a | 254.5a | 70.8b | |
杂交籼稻 IHR | 机插 MT | 50.5 | 380.2b | 282.8b | 276.1b | 72.7a |
直播 DS | 60.0 | 413.4a | 296.7a | 283.3a | 68.5b |
表5
江苏不同地区种植方式对水稻产量的影响"
试验点 Test site | 种植方式 Planting method | 早熟晚粳 EMLJ (t·hm-2) | 迟熟中粳 LMMJ (t·hm-2) | 中熟中粳 MMMJ (t·hm-2) | 常规粳稻 JCR (t·hm-2) | 籼粳杂交稻 JIHR (t·hm-2) | 杂交籼稻 IHR (t·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
常熟 Changshu | 机插MT | 10.5a | 10.2a | ||||
直播DS | 9.6b | 9.3b | |||||
姜堰 Jiangyan | 机插MT | 10.6a | 10.4a | ||||
直播DS | 9.5b | 9.4b | |||||
兴化 Xinghua | 机插MT | 10.7a | 10.5a | 10.4a | 11.3a | 11.8a | 10.2a |
直播DS | 9.5b | 9.5b | 9.5b | 10.2b | 10.4b | 9.1b | |
东海 Donghai | 机插MT | 10.2a | 10.7a | ||||
直播DS | 8.4b | 9.8b |
表6
基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻产量及其构成的影响"
方式 Methods | 基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2) | 穗数 Panicles (×104 hm-2) | 每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle | 群体颖花量 Spikelets (×104 hm-2) | 结实率 Ripened grains (%) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 实产 Grain yield (t·hm-2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | |||||||
水直播 Water direct- seeding | 120 | 307.8c | 128.8a | 39638.0c | 91.7a | 26.59a | 9.2b | 9.5b |
240 | 368.3b | 120.2b | 44246.8a | 91.3a | 26.54a | 10.2a | 10.4a | |
360 | 401.5a | 104.8c | 42079.4b | 90.2a | 26.46a | 9.5b | 9.7b | |
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding | 120 | 297.4c | 119.6a | 35554.5c | 94.0a | 26.92a | 8.7b | 8.8c |
240 | 353.8b | 114.0b | 40321.6a | 93.7a | 26.86a | 9.7a | 9.9a | |
360 | 382.2a | 101.3c | 38706.2b | 93.7a | 26.84a | 9.4a | 9.2b |
表7
基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻叶面积指数和粒叶比的影响"
方式 Methods | 基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2) | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index | 颖花数/叶面积 Spikelets/Leaf (cm-2) | 实粒数/叶面积 Grains/Leaf (cm-2) | 粒重/叶面积 Grain weight/Leaf (mg·cm-2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
拔节期 Elongation stage | 抽穗期 Heading stage | 成熟期 Maturity | |||||
水直播 Water direct- seeding | 120 | 3.76b | 6.85b | 3.89b | 0.578b | 0.531b | 13.44ab |
240 | 4.05ab | 7.36a | 4.36a | 0.601a | 0.549a | 13.92a | |
360 | 4.49a | 7.26a | 4.13a | 0.579b | 0.522b | 13.14b | |
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding | 120 | 3.22b | 6.65b | 3.54b | 0.535b | 0.503b | 13.04b |
240 | 3.56ab | 7.24a | 3.96a | 0.557a | 0.522a | 13.44a | |
360 | 3.86a | 7.17a | 3.74a | 0.540b | 0.506b | 13.09b |
表8
基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻干物质积累特征的影响"
方式 Method | 基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2) | 拔节期 Elongation stage (t·hm-2) | 抽穗期 Heading stage (t·hm-2) | 成熟期 Maturity (t·hm-2) | 拔节至抽穗期 Elongation to heading stage | 抽穗至成熟期 Heading to maturity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
积累量 Accumulation (t·hm-2) | 比例 Ratio (%) | 积累量 Accumulation (t·hm-2) | 比例 Ratio (%) | |||||
水直播 Water direct- seeding | 120 | 3.69b | 9.98b | 15.64b | 6.28b | 40.2a | 5.66b | 36.2b |
240 | 4.08ab | 10.62a | 17.06a | 6.54a | 38.4b | 6.43a | 37.7a | |
360 | 4.28a | 10.82a | 17.09a | 6.53a | 38.2b | 6.27a | 36.7b | |
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding | 120 | 3.57b | 9.61b | 15.09b | 6.05b | 40.1a | 5.48b | 36.3b |
240 | 4.01ab | 10.56a | 16.71a | 6.55a | 39.2ab | 6.15a | 36.8a | |
360 | 4.18a | 10.66a | 16.66a | 6.48a | 38.9b | 6.01a | 36.0b |
表9
基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻主要米质性状的影响"
方式 Methods | 基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2) | 整精米率 Head rice (%) | 垩白度 Chalkiness (%) | 直链淀粉含量 Amylose (%) | 胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm) | 蛋白质含量 Protein (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水直播 Water direct-seeding | 120 | 70.25a | 3.5a | 15.0a | 74a | 9.3a |
240 | 69.82a | 3.6a | 14.7ab | 75a | 9.3a | |
360 | 69.34a | 3.8a | 14.4b | 76a | 9.4a | |
旱直播 Dry direct-seeding | 120 | 67.85a | 3.9b | 14.6a | 73a | 9.7a |
240 | 67.14a | 4.2ab | 14.3a | 73a | 9.8a | |
360 | 66.75a | 4.4a | 14.2a | 74a | 9.8a |
表1
0 基本苗密度对生育约束型直播水稻淀粉RVA特征值的影响"
方式 Methods | 基本苗 Basic seedling (×104 hm-2) | 峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (cP) | 热浆黏度 Trough viscosity (cP) | 最终黏度 Final viscosity (cP) | 崩解值 Breakdown (cP) | 消减值 Setback (cP) | 回复值 Consistence (cP) | 糊化温度 Gelatinization point (℃) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水直播 Water direct- seeding | 120 | 2242a | 1230a | 2256b | 1012a | 14c | 1025b | 82.6a |
240 | 2205ab | 1202b | 2277ab | 1003a | 72b | 1075ab | 83.6a | |
360 | 2157b | 1205b | 2303a | 952b | 146a | 1098a | 82.5a | |
旱直播 Dry direct- seeding | 120 | 2194a | 1352a | 2242b | 842a | 48c | 890b | 88.6a |
240 | 2089ab | 1327b | 2244b | 762b | 155b | 917a | 89.1a | |
360 | 2044b | 1325b | 2261a | 719c | 217a | 935a | 89.1a |
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