畜禽有机肥磷素在冬小麦上替代化肥磷当量研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.22.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】近年来化学磷肥的过量施用不仅造成了磷矿资源的浪费,还增加了环境污染的风险。畜禽粪便是一种很好的化肥磷替代资源,但由于其成分复杂,转化过程影响因素较多,畜禽粪便中磷素相对化肥磷素的有效性一直存在不同结论。明确畜禽粪便中磷素替代化肥磷当量,能够确定有机肥磷素替代化肥磷素的准确比例,为有机肥磷素的合理施用提供数据支撑。【方法】选取腐熟的猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪和化肥为材料,施磷（P₂O₅）量均设置6个水平,分别为0、20、40、60、80、100 mg·kg^-1干土,利用土柱栽培试验在冬小麦上研究粪肥磷和化肥磷对小麦产量、磷素吸收利用及土壤速效磷含量的影响,并对3种粪肥中磷素替代化肥磷素的相对替代当量进行统计分析。【结果】（1）3种粪肥中有机磷和无机磷含量存在较大差异,猪粪、鸡粪和牛粪中有机磷占总磷的比例分别为25.9%、17.6%和56.5%。从磷组分看,牛粪中磷素形态主要以活性磷（H₂O-P和NaHCO₃-P）为主,而鸡粪和猪粪以高稳定态磷（HCl-P）为主。（2）等磷施用粪肥和化肥条件下,各处理间小麦产量无显著差异。化肥处理的小麦磷素吸收量略高于3种粪肥处理。（3）本试验条件下,若以磷素的当季回收率作为参考指标,鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪中磷素相对化肥磷素的等效值分别为80.3%、84.3%和90.4%。以化肥磷用量与籽粒产量、生物量、籽粒吸磷量及地上部吸磷量的回归关系函数计算的3种粪肥磷素的相对替代当量,猪粪的相对替代当量分别为90.0%、93.6%、80.6%、80.2%,鸡粪的相对替代当量分别为78.4%、87.9%、73.4%、67.6%,牛粪的相对替代当量分别为89.6%、99.9%、90.0%、87.3%。（4）粪肥磷和化肥磷均可提高土壤中速效磷含量,但短期内粪肥磷对土壤中速效磷含量的提高稍弱于化肥磷。【结论】本试验条件下综合几种计算磷素相对替代当量的方法,猪粪能够替代85.7%的化肥磷素,鸡粪能够替代77.6%的化肥磷素,而牛粪能够替代91.4%的化肥磷素。

关键词: 畜禽粪便, 磷素, 小麦产量, 磷吸收利用, 相对替代当量

Abstract:

【Objective】 Excessive application of phosphorus has not only caused the depletion of phosphate rock resources, but also increased the risk of environmental pollution. Livestock manure has always been used as a good alternative resource for chemical phosphorus. However, due to the complex composition and various influencing factors in the transformation process of phosphorus in animal manure, its effectiveness compared with that in chemical fertilizers has long been controversial. Clarifying the phosphorus replacement value of livestock manure, and the accurate proportion of organic fertilizer phosphorus replacing chemical fertilizer phosphorus, could provide the supporting data for rational application of organic fertilizer phosphorus.【Method】In this study, composted pig manure, chicken manure and cattle manure as well as chemical fertilizer were selected as the research materials. The application rate of P₂O₅ was set at 6 levels, which were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg·kg^-1 dry soil, respectively. A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phosphorus in manure and chemical fertilizer on wheat yield, phosphorus uptake and the content of soil available phosphorus. Furthermore, the relative substitution equivalent of phosphorus in three kinds of manure was statistically analyzed.【Result】 (1) The content of organic and inorganic phosphorus in the three kinds of manure varied much. The proportion of organic phosphorus accounted for 25.9%, 17.6% and 56.5% of total phosphorus in pig, chicken and cattle manures, respectively. The liable phosphorus (H₂O-P and NaHCO₃-P) was the main phosphorus fraction for the cattle manure, while there was more phosphorus fraction attributed to highly stable phosphorus (HCl-P) in chicken manure and pig manure. (2)There was no significant difference in grain yield between different phosphorus supplies with the same application rate. The phosphorus uptake of wheat with chemical fertilizer was slightly higher than that treated with three kinds of manure. (3) In this study, when the seasonal recovery rate of phosphorus was used as a reference index, the chemical fertilizer equivalent value in chicken, pig and cattle manures to the commercial mineral phosphorus (super phosphate) were 80.3%, 84.3% and 90.4%, respectively. When the relative substitution equivalents of three kinds of manure were calculated by using the regression function between the chemical phosphorus and grain yield, biomass, phosphorus uptake of grain or total phosphorus uptake, the relative substitution equivalents of pig manure were 90.0%, 93.6%, 80.6% and 80.2%, respectively; The relative substitution equivalents of chicken manure were 78.4%, 87.9%, 73.4%, 67.6%, and that of cattle manure were 89.6%, 99.9%, 90.0%, 87.3%. (4) Both the manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of available phosphorus in soil, but the manure showed a slight effect than the chemical fertilizer. 【Conclusion】 Based on the integrated methods for calculating substitution equivalent of the present experimental condition, the phosphorus in pig manure could replace 85.7% of equivalent chemical fertilizer P, while chicken manure and cow manure could replace 77.6% and 91.4%, respectively.

Key words: livestock manure, phosphorus, wheat yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization, relative substitution equivalents

徐久凯,袁亮,温延臣,张水勤,林治安,李燕婷,李海燕,赵秉强. 畜禽有机肥磷素在冬小麦上替代化肥磷当量研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(22): 4826-4839.

XU JiuKai,YUAN Liang,WEN YanChen,ZHANG ShuiQin,LIN ZhiAn,LI YanTing,LI HaiYan,ZHAO BingQiang. Phosphorus Fertilizer Replacement Value of Livestock Manure in Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(22): 4826-4839.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I22/4826

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有机肥 Organic manure	养分含量 Nutrient content (%,Air dried basis)			有机碳 Organic C (%)	C/N	C/P
有机肥 Organic manure	全氮Total N (N)	全磷Total P (P)	全钾Total K (K)	有机碳 Organic C (%)	C/N	C/P
牛粪 Cattle manure	1.61	0.57	1.29	21.02	13.06	36.88
鸡粪 Chicken manure	1.95	2.30	1.74	18.11	9.28	7.87
猪粪 Pig manure	2.23	3.13	1.51	23.50	10.54	7.51

项目 Item	不同肥料品种 Different types of fertilizer
项目 Item	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure
H₂O-Pi	12.55 ±0.95	17.62±0.95	13.19 ±0.16
H₂O-Po	3.64±0.10	3.61±0.03	8.61±0.19
NaHCO₃-Pi	12.17±0.24	13.91±0.40	12.61±0.53
NaHCO₃-Po	4.36 ±0.28	2.95±0.26	18.98 ±0.22
NaOH-Pi	13.66±0.37	2.06±0.15	8.21±0.15
NaOH-Po	3.28±0.10	5.33±0.28	10.64±0.45
HCl-Pi	35.69±0.91	48.94±2.00	9.54 ±0.11
HCl-Po	7.76±0.22	0.00±0.00	9.29±0.50
residual-P	6.89±0.31	5.65±0.16	8.93±0.20

项目 Item	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
项目 Item	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
籽粒产量 Grain yield (g/pot)	0	47.14±7.67d A	47.14±7.67d A	47.14±7.67d A	47.14±7.67d A
	20	68.29±9.95c A	64.98±5.15c A	72.20±5.77c A	72.94±6.95c A
	40	83.32±12.5b A	84.01±12.59b A	83.42±5.91b A	83.29±9.28b A
	60	92.01±8.03ab A	84.50±5.88b A	86.80±7.29ab A	91.64±8.22ab A
	80	94.34±6.81a A	97.96±6.77a A	92.86±6.21a A	98.49±11.20a A
	100	93.88±9.76ab A	92.76±6.03ab A	93.22±7.79a A	96.73±6.62a A
生物量 Wheat biomass (g/pot)	0	89.87±14.02d A	89.87±14.02e A	89.87±14.02d A	89.87±14.02c A
	20	130.29±18.97c A	125.97±12.33d A	138.58±10.86c A	137.34±11.46b A
	40	156.04±15.82b A	157.15±18.04c A	158.73±9.25b A	150.93±12.61b A
	60	173.44±11.65ab A	161.59±12.43bc A	163.37±13.53ab A	170.3±14.01a A
	80	169.45±11.48ab A	183.87±10.57a A	173.04±13.08a A	183.77±19.52a A
	100	173.52±18.29a A	173.02±12.20ab A	169.00±12.67ab A	181.01±14.73a A

项目 Item	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
项目 Item	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
穗数 Number of ears (No./pot)	0	33±4c A	33±4c A	33±4c A	33±4d A
	20	35±3bc A	37±2c A	39±2b A	39±4c A
	40	39±6b A	44±4b A	45±6a A	43±4bc A
	60	46±2a A	43±5b A	44±1a A	45±2ab A
	80	47±6a A	49±1a A	47±4a A	49±6a A
	100	47±5a AB	45±3ab AB	43±2a B	49±3a A
穗粒数 Grain No.per spike (No./spike)	0	30±3b A	30±3b A	30±3c A	30±3b A
	20	39±5a A	36±4a B	38±4b A	39±1a A
	40	42±2a A	38±4a AB	37±4b B	39±3a AB
	60	40±2a A	39±3a A	39±3b A	40±2a A
	80	40±2a A	39±2a A	40±2ab A	40±2a A
	100	39±1a B	40±2a AB	43±5a A	39±2a B
千粒重 Thousand seed weight (g)	0	47.36±1.04c A	47.36±1.04c A	47.36±1.04c A	47.36±1.04d A
	20	49.50±1.44b A	48.66±1.55bc A	48.98±0.67bc A	48.92±1.27c A
	40	50.85±1.54ab A	50.15±1.53ab A	50.97±1.23a A	50.32±1.00b A
	60	50.92±2.16ab A	51.01±1.53a A	50.36±2.56ab A	51.15±1.03ab A
	80	50.59±2.16ab A	50.59±1.76a A	50.26±1.71ab A	50.95±0.69ab A
	100	51.38±1.23a A	51.00±2.04a A	50.42±1.97ab A	51.55±1.00a A

项目 Item		施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	不同肥料品种 Different type of fertilizers
项目 Item		施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (mg·kg^-1)	猪粪 Pig manure	鸡粪 Chicken manure	牛粪 Cattle manure	化肥 Chemical fertilizer
磷吸收量 P uptake (g/pot)	秸秆 Straw	0	0.05±0.01d A	0.05±0.01d A	0.05±0.01d A	0.05±0.01e A
		20	0.06±0.01c A	0.06±0.01cd A	0.06±0.01c A	0.06±0.01d A
		40	0.07±0.02b A	0.07±0.01bc A	0.07±0.01c A	0.08±0.02c A
		60	0.09±0.01ab A	0.08±0.02b B	0.08±0.02bc B	0.09±0.02b AB
		80	0.09±0.00a B	0.09±0.00a B	0.08±0.01b B	0.11±0.02ab A
		100	0.10±0.02a A	0.09±0.01a A	0.10±0.01a A	0.11±0.02a A
	籽粒 Grain	0	0.14±0.03d A	0.14±0.03d A	0.14±0.03d A	0.14±0.03e A
		20	0.21±0.05c AB	0.19±0.03c B	0.23±0.02c A	0.22±0.02d AB
		40	0.27±0.03b A	0.26±0.07b A	0.27±0.04b A	0.28±0.03c A
		60	0.29±0.03ab A	0.29±0.04b A	0.30±0.05ab A	0.32±0.03b A
		80	0.32±0.04a A	0.34±0.04ab A	0.33±0.03a A	0.35±0.03ab A
		100	0.31±0.04a B	0.32±0.03a AB	0.33±0.04a AB	0.36±0.03a A
	地上部 Above ground	0	0.19±0.03d A	0.19±0.03d A	0.19±0.03e A	0.19±0.03e A
		20	0.27±0.05c AB	0.24±0.03c B	0.29±0.02d A	0.28±0.03d AB
		40	0.34±0.07b A	0.33±0.07b A	0.34±0.05c A	0.36±0.04c A
		60	0.39±0.04ab A	0.36±0.04b A	0.38±0.07bc A	0.41±0.04b A
		80	0.41±0.03a B	0.43±0.05a B	0.41±0.02ab AB	0.46±0.05a A
		100	0.41±0.06a B	0.42±0.04a B	0.43±0.04a AB	0.47±0.02a A
磷素收获指数 PHI (%)		0	75.70±6.13a A	75.70±6.13b A	75.70±6.13b A	75.70±6.13b A
		20	79.08±4.51a A	76.98±2.52b A	77.88±2.56ab A	77.84±3.66ab A
		40	78.54±1.00a A	79.38±4.20aA	79.35±2.50a A	77.70±4.96ab A
		60	75.84±2.00a A	79.03±5.67ab A	80.01±3.76a A	78.35±2.88a A
		80	78.07±1.65a A	78.40±1.95ab A	79.42±3.79a A	76.46±2.27ab A
		100	76.35±1.88a A	77.13±2.58b A	77.27±2.53ab A	75.91±3.51ab A