覆膜滴灌条件下基于玉米产量和土壤磷素平衡的 磷肥适用量研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 针对东北半干旱区覆膜滴灌玉米生产中大量施磷导致的效率低与环境风险增大问题,通过3年定位试验,系统研究了覆膜滴灌条件下不同磷肥用量对玉米产量、磷肥利用效率和土壤供磷能力的影响,为该区域玉米磷肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】 于2015—2017年在吉林省半干旱玉米主产区（乾安县）布置定位田间试验。共设6个磷肥用量处理,分别为0（P₀）、40 kg·hm ^-2（P₄₀）、70 kg·hm ^-2（P₇₀）、100 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₀₀）、130 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₃₀）和160 kg·hm ^-2（P₁₆₀）,测定指标包括玉米产量及其构成、成熟期植株磷含量和土壤有效磷含量,并计算作物吸磷量、磷肥利用效率和土壤-作物系统的磷素表观平衡状况。【结果】 施磷可显著提高玉米产量,增幅依次为6.2%—21.2%（2015年）、9.0%—20.6%（2016年）和12.9%—30.3%（2017年）,3年平均增幅为9.2%—23.9%,增产的主要原因是施磷增加了穗粒数、百粒重和收获指数。玉米产量随磷肥用量的增加呈先升后降趋势,其中以P₁₀₀处理玉米产量最高。磷素表观回收率和磷素偏生产力均随磷肥用量的增加而下降,磷素农学利用率随磷肥用量的增加先升后降。与不施磷肥相比,随磷肥用量和施磷年限的增加,0—40 cm土壤有效磷含量呈增加趋势,其中P₁₀₀处理土壤有效磷含量与试验起始时土壤有效磷含量相近。连续种植3季玉米后,P₀、P₄₀和P₇₀处理土壤磷素表观平衡值均表现为亏缺,亏缺量随磷肥用量的增加而下降;P₁₀₀、P₁₃₀和P₁₆₀处理的土壤磷素表现为盈余,并随磷肥用量的增加而增加。将盈余率（x）与磷肥用量（y₁）、土壤有效磷含量（y₂）、磷肥利用效率（y₃）分别进行拟合,当x=0时,磷肥用量为92.4 kg·hm ^-2,玉米产量为12 497 kg·hm ^-2,0—20 cm和20—40 cm土壤有效磷含量分别为34.6 和28.4 mg·kg ^-1,磷素表观回收率为24.1%,磷素农学利用率为21.9 kg·kg ^-1,磷素偏生产力为146.1 kg·kg ^-1;其结果与最高产量处理（P₁₀₀）相对应的玉米产量、土壤有效磷含量和磷肥利用效率结果相近;以理论盈余率为0时施磷量的95%为置信区间,得出最佳施磷范围在88—97 kg·hm ^-2。【结论】 本研究中磷肥用量88—97 kg·hm ^-2范围内不仅能获得玉米高产,还能维持土壤磷素平衡,可作为东北半干旱区覆膜滴灌条件下玉米高产与环境友好的磷肥管理参考依据。

关键词: 磷肥用量, 磷肥利用效率, 玉米产量, 有效磷含量, 磷素平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to improve phosphorus efficiency and reduce environmental risk due to a large number of phosphorus application under mulched drip irrigation in northeast semi-arid region for maize production, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphorus application rates on maize yield, phosphorus utilization efficiency and soil phosphorus supply ability, so as to provide scientific references for rational phosphorus fertilizer application in this region. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in semi-arid maize production region of Jilin province (Qian'an county) from 2015 to 2017. Six treatments of phosphorus application rate (P₂O) were designed in the field experiments, including 0 (P₀), 40 kg·hm ^-2 (P₄₀), 70 kg·hm ^-2 (P₇₀), 100 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₀₀), 130 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₃₀) and 160 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₆₀), which were used for the calculation of phosphorus uptake, phosphorus utilization efficiencies and apparent phosphorus balance in the soil-crop system. The measurement indexes contained maize yield and its components, phosphorus content of plant at mature stage and soil available phosphorus concentration. 【Result】 The result showed that the maize yield with phosphorus application were significantly increased by 6.2%-21.2% (2015), 9.0%-20.6% (2016) and 12.9%-30.3% (2017) respectively, and increment by 9.2%-23.9% in average three years. The yield was enhanced by increasing grains per ear, 100-kernel weight and harvest index by applying phosphorus fertilizer. Maize yield increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate, and the highest yield value was found under P₁₀₀ treatment. Phosphorus recovery efficiency and partial productivity declined, however, phosphorus agronomic efficiency increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate. Available phosphorus content in soil layer (0-40 cm) was improved with the increasing of phosphorus application rate and period compared with P₀ treatment, and the content under P₁₀₀ treatment was very close to its initialization value. The apparent phosphorus balance in soil was negative in the P₀, P₄₀ and P₇₀ treatments after a three-year continuous maize-cropping, and the phosphorus deficient amount was decreased with the increment of phosphorus application rate. While the apparent phosphorus balance in soil was positive under the P₁₀₀, P₁₃₀ and P₁₆₀ treatments, and phosphorus surplus amount was increasing with the increment of phosphorus application rate. When surplus rate was 0, phosphorus application rate, maize yield, available phosphorus content in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil, phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity were 92.4 kg·hm ^-2, 12 497 kg·hm ^-2, 34.6 mg·kg ^-1, 28.4 mg·kg ^-1, 24.1%, 21.9 kg·kg ^-1 and 146.1 kg·kg ^-1, respectively, by simulating between phosphorus application rate (y₁), soil available phosphorus content (y₂), phosphorus utilization efficiency (y₃) and surplus rate (x), respectively. These results were similar to maize yield, soil available phosphorus content and phosphorus utilization efficiency under the maximum yield under the P₁₀₀ treatment. The optimum phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2 under 95% confidence levels, when theoretical surplus rate was 0. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that the recommended phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2, which could not only ensure higher maize yield, but also keep soil phosphorus balance under this experimental conditions. The research provided phosphorus fertilizer management for both high-yielding maize production and friendly environment under mulched drip irrigation conditions in northeast semi-arid region of Jilin province.

Key words: phosphorus application rate, phosphorus utilization efficiency, maize yield, available phosphorus content, phosphorus balance

侯云鹏,王立春,李前,尹彩侠,秦裕波,王蒙,王永军,孔丽丽. 覆膜滴灌条件下基于玉米产量和土壤磷素平衡的磷肥适用量研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20): 3573-3584.

YunPeng HOU,LiChun WANG,Qian LI,CaiXia YIN,YuBo QIN,Meng WANG,YongJun WANG,LiLi KONG. Research on Optimum Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate Based on Maize Yield and Phosphorus Balance in Soil Under Film Mulched Drip Irrigation Conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20): 3573-3584.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.008

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I20/3573

图/表 7

图1

表1

表2

不同施磷处理玉米产量及其构成因素"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	穗数 Actual ears number (ear/hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)
2015	P₀	10131±360d	48.4±0.7b	72000±1072a	485.3±8.7d	32.1±0.5c
	P₄₀	11041±259c	49.8±1.5ab	71667±1347a	512.2±5.3c	34.4±0.4b
	P₇₀	11737±99b	51.1±1.1a	72000±882a	523.5±9.1abc	35.3±0.6ab
	P₁₀₀	12221±204a	52.0±1.0a	72667±1388a	536.9±7.1a	36.3±0.7a
	P₁₃₀	12035±310ab	51.0±1.5a	72333±1333a	533.0±5.3ab	36.0±0.8a
	P₁₆₀	11676±274b	50.9±2.1a	73000±694a	517.5±10.6bc	34.8±0.6b
2016	P₀	10992±370d	47.4±0.7b	72111±1365a	508.3±7.0c	33.8±0.2c
	P₄₀	11675±183c	49.6±1.2ab	72889±1502a	526.9±5.6b	34.7±0.7bc
	P₇₀	12671±265b	51.1±2.3a	72333±1856a	538.2±4.3ab	36.3±0.8a
	P₁₀₀	13321±208a	51.5±2.4a	73556±1711a	543.7±8.8a	37.0±0.4a
	P₁₃₀	13178±255a	51.3±0.8a	73667±2333a	542.3±5.2a	36.2±1.3a
	P₁₆₀	12595±309b	50.1±1.1a	73333±822a	535.6±5.6ab	35.9±1.0ab
2017	P₀	9889±234d	49.5±1.5b	72222±2082a	489.8±7.5e	31.4±0.6e
	P₄₀	11164±290c	49.9±0.9b	72778±1732a	510.2±2.2d	34.3±0.2d
	P₇₀	12141±185b	51.1±0.8ab	72667±882a	519.3±4.3cd	35.1±0.8cd
	P₁₀₀	12883±361a	52.9±1.8a	72556±1252a	539.9±6.6a	36.8±0.2a
	P₁₃₀	12585±271ab	51.0±1.3ab	73000±979a	532.8±8.4ab	36.3±0.3ab
	P₁₆₀	12306±242b	50.1±0.7b	72556±1502a	526.8±4.6bc	35.6±0.9bc
均值 Mean	P₀	10337±203d	48.4±0.2b	72111±1160a	494.5±0.7d	32.4±0.2d
	P₄₀	11293±168c	49.8±1.1ab	72444±839a	516.4±2.5c	34.5±0.2c
	P₇₀	12117±42b	51.1±1.1ab	72333±619a	527.0±5.0b	35.5±0.4b
	P₁₀₀	12808±180a	52.1±1.1a	72926±548a	540.2±7.4a	36.7±0.3a
	P₁₃₀	12599±125a	51.1±1.1a	73000±778a	536.0±2.8a	36.2±0.5ab
	P₁₆₀	12181±112b	50.3±0.7ab	72963±739a	526.6±2.5b	35.4±0.5b
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		**	NS	NS	**	**
施磷处理 Fertilization (P)		**	**	NS	**	**
年份×施磷处理 Y×P		*	NS	NS	NS	NS

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

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土层 Soil layer	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	pH
0-20 cm	17.4	12.2	102.4	35.9	109.4	8.1
20-40 cm	14.1	9.0	83.9	28.1	91.1	7.9

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	施磷量 P application rate (kg·hm^-2)	地上部磷积累量 Aboveground P accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	磷素表观平衡 Apparent P balance (kg·hm^-2)	磷素盈余率 P surplus rate (%)
2015	P₀	0	68.3±3.2e	-68.3±3.2f	-100.0±0.0 f
	P₄₀	40	79.8±2.5d	-39.8±2.5e	-49.8±1.6 e
	P₇₀	70	84.8±1.9c	-14.8±1.9d	-17.5±1.9 d
	P₁₀₀	100	91.5±3.6a	8.5±3.6c	9.4±4.4 c
	P₁₃₀	130	88.7±1.5ab	41.3±1.5b	46.7±2.5 b
	P₁₆₀	160	86.3±2.3bc	73.7±2.3a	85.4±5.0 a
2016	P₀	0	72.0±3.1d	-72.0±3.1f	-100.0±0.0 f
	P₄₀	40	84.9±3.3c	-44.9±3.3e	-52.9±1.9 e
	P₇₀	70	95.4±1.7b	-25.4±1.7d	-26.6±1.3 d
	P₁₀₀	100	102.1±2.4a	-2.1±2.4c	-2.0±2.3 c
	P₁₃₀	130	101.7±2.4a	28.3±2.4b	27.9±3.1 b
	P₁₆₀	160	99.8±2.0ab	60.2±2.0a	60.4±3.2 a
2017	P₀	0	67.2±1.0e	-67.2±1.0f	-100.0±0.0 f
	P₄₀	40	80.8±2.8d	-40.8±2.8e	-50.5±1.7 e
	P₇₀	70	87.6±3.2c	-17.6±3.2d	-20.0±3.0 d
	P₁₀₀	100	97.7±2.8a	2.3±2.8c	2.4±3.0 c
	P₁₃₀	130	94.5±2.1ab	35.5±2.1b	37.7±3.0 b
	P₁₆₀	160	91.7±2.2bc	68.3±2.2a	74.5±4.2 a
均值 Mean	P₀	0	69.2±1.6d	-69.2±1.6f	-100.0±0.0f
	P₄₀	40	81.8±1.1c	-41.8±1.1e	-51.1±0.7e
	P₇₀	70	89.3±1.3b	-19.3±1.3d	-21.6±1.2d
	P₁₀₀	100	97.1±2.0a	2.9±2.0c	3.0±2.1c
	P₁₃₀	130	94.9±0.5ab	35.1±0.5b	36.9±0.8b
	P₁₆₀	160	92.6±0.9b	67.4±0.9a	72.8±1.6a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)			**	**	**
施磷处理 Fertilization (P)			**	**	**
年份×施磷处理 Y×P			*	*	**