滴灌下氮盐交互对加工番茄荧光特性及产量品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.05.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】新疆有着全中国最大面积的盐碱地和加工番茄的种植基地。在新疆开展两年试验以研究加工番茄在氮盐交互下生长、生理、产量和品质的变化规律,获得适宜新疆盐碱地种植加工番茄的合理施氮量和土壤盐分范围,为新疆扩大加工番茄种植面积和合理施氮提供科学的理论依据及技术途径。【方法】试验于2017和2018年在石河子大学现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验基地进行,以当地主栽品种3166为试验材料,2017年试验共设置4个土壤含盐量水平：1.5、4.0、7.0和10.0 g·kg ^-1及4个氮素水平：201、166、131和96 kg·hm ^-2,2018年在2017年的基础上去除10.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤含盐量,增加5.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤含盐量和不施氮量处理。试验测定和分析加工番茄的荧光叶绿素参数、产量和品质指标。【结果】在氮盐交互下,加工番茄荧光参数及产量等指标均呈现出复杂的变化规律。绝大多数的荧光参数及产量受土壤盐分的主导作用较氮素强,在同等氮素水平下,7.0 g·kg ^-1和10.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤盐分对加工番茄荧光指标抑制程度最大;低盐分水平下,166 kg·hm ^-2的中等偏高的施氮量对加工番茄的荧光指标促进作用最大,其次是施氮201 kg·hm ^-2的处理;在中等偏高的盐分水平下,96 kg·hm ^-2的低氮对加工番茄的最好,其次为不施氮水平。加工番茄的鲜果产量总体上符合“盐高产低”的规律,但低氮高盐处理的产量明显高于其他同盐度的氮素水平下的产量。可溶性固形物、VC、可溶性糖和可滴定酸均随着土壤含盐量的增大逐渐增大,糖酸比的最大值均出现在低盐处理,盐分对加工番茄品质的影响远高于氮素,二者交互对加工番茄的品质并无显著性影响。通过图形叠加分析方法,得出了加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间。【结论】在盐碱程度偏高的土壤可通过少施氮素来提高加工番茄产量;加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间为N：98.12—119.60 kg·hm ^-2,S：3.57—5.58 g·kg ^-1。

关键词: 加工番茄, 膜下滴灌, 荧光参数, 产量, 品质, 施氮, 土壤含盐量

Abstract:

【Objective】Xinjiang has the largest area of saline-alkali land and planting base of processed tomatoes in China. In this paper, a two-year experiment in Xinjiang was carried to study the effects of different soil salinity and nitrogen application rate on the growth, physiological, yield and quality of processed tomato, and to obtain the rational nitrogen application rate and soil salinity range of processed tomato suitable for planting saline land in Xinjiang, so as to provide a scientific theoretical basis and technical approach for expanding tomato planting area and rational nitrogen application in Xinjiang. 【Method】This study was carried out in the Key Experimental Base of Modern Water-saving Irrigation Corps of Shihezi University in 2017 and 2018. The local main tomato cultivar “3166” was taken as the experimental material. This experiment was set in four levels of soil salinity: 1.5, 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 g·kg ^-1 and four levels of nitrogen: 201, 166, 131 and 96 kg N·hm ^-2 in 2017. Based on the experiment in 2017, a soil salinity of 10.0 g·kg ^-1 were removed and a soil salinity of 5.0 g·kg ^-1 and a nitrogen application rate of 0 were added in 2018. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, yield and quality of processed tomatoes were analyzed. 【Result】Our results indicated that under the interaction of nitrogen and soil salinity, the fluorescence parameter and yield of processed tomatoes showed a complex change. Firstly, most of the fluorescence parameters and yields were more dominated by soil salt than nitrogen. At the same nitrogen level, soil salinity of 7.0 g·kg ^-1 and 10.0 g·kg ^-1 inhibited the fluorescence index of processed tomatoes mostly. At low salinity level, medium and high nitrogen application of 166 kg N·hm ^-2 promoted the fluorescence index of processed tomatoes the most, followed by 201 kg N·hm ^-2, and the worst was 131 kg N·hm ^-2. At medium and high salt level, 96 kg N·hm ^-2 had the best promotion degree for processed tomato, followed by no nitrogen level. At the high salt application rate, low nitrogen treatment was better than the high nitrogen treatment to improve tomato yield. The fresh fruit yield of processed tomato was generally consistent with the law of “the higher the salt, the lower the yield”. The yield of low-nitrogen and high-salt treatment was significantly higher than other yields with same salinity levels of different nitrogen. Moreover, it was found that salinity had a stronger effect on tomato quality than nitrogen. Soluble solids, VC, soluble sugar and titratable acid increased gradually with the increase of soil salt content. The maximum sugar-acid ratio appeared in low salinity treatment. Moreover, it was found that salinity had a stronger effect on tomato quality than nitrogen, and the interaction between them had no significant effect on the quality of processed tomatoes. Summary by analysis, the reasonable range of nitrogen application and soil salinity content of processed tomato were obtained. 【Conclusion】In the soil with high salinity, the yield of processed tomatoes could be increased by applying a small amount of nitrogen. The reasonable range of nitrogen application and the range of soil salt content for the relative optimal yield and quality of processed tomatoes were N: 98.12-119.60 kg·hm ^-2, S: 3.57-5.58 g·kg ^-1.

Key words: processed tomato, drip irrigation under film, photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, yield, quality, optimal interval, nitrogen application, soil salinity

张继峯,王振华,张金珠,窦允清,侯裕生. 滴灌下氮盐交互对加工番茄荧光特性及产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(5): 990-1003.

ZHANG JiFeng,WANG ZhenHua,ZHANG JinZhu,DOU YunQing,HOU YuSheng. The Influences of Different Nitrogen and Salt Levels Interactions on Fluorescence Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Processed Tomato Under Drip Irrigation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(5): 990-1003.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

表3

图2

图3

表4

不同处理加工番茄产量和品质的变化情况"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	鲜果产量 Fresh fruit yield (kg/pot)	单果重 Fruit mean weight (g)	可溶性固形物 Total soluble solids (%)	维生素C Vitamin C (mg·100g^-1)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar content (%)	可滴定酸 Titrable acidity (%)	糖酸比 Sugar to acid ratio (%)
2017	N1CK	2.31±0.12ab	33.60±0.28d	7.34±0.07h	15.74±0.08i	7.05±0.11j	0.42±0.02j	16.64±0.01g
	N1S1	2.33±0.04a	35.05±0.14c	13.86±0.08g	18.55±0.09ef	10.91±0.09g	0.61±0.01g	17.78±0.08d
	N1S2	0.77±0.08g	23.31±0.17i	18.32±0.06a	21.89±0.15a	13.79±0.06a	0.90±0.03d	15.26±0.01j
	N1S3	1.05±0.10de	25.62±0.16g	18.04±0.04c	19.74±0.11cd	11.89±0.13d	1.33±0.01a	8.92±0.07k
	N2CK	2.35±0.13a	35.51±0.02b	7.35±7.00h	15.76±0.07i	7.01±0.14j	0.41±0.02jk	16.95±0.11f
	N2S1	2.38±0.11a	35.07±0.13c	13.85±0.11g	18.53±0.09ef	10.86±0.15gh	0.60±0.04gh	18.00±0.06c
	N2S2	1.90±0.07c	27.85±0.06f	18.26±0.07ab	21.84±0.11a	13.74±0.04ab	0.89±0.01de	15.38±0.07ij
	N2S3	1.13±0.09d	24.74±0.13h	17.94±0.06d	19.69±0.03d	11.84±0.06de	1.32±0.03ab	8.95±0.05k
	N3CK	2.31±0.12ab	34.97±0.11c	7.22±0.12i	16.17±0.05h	6.96±0.07jk	0.40±0.01k	17.25±0.13e
	N3S1	2.34±0.17a	35.08±0.04c	13.85±0.11g	18.35±0.11fg	10.81±0.06hi	0.59±0.02hi	18.21±0.07b
	N3S2	0.92±0.05ef	22.28±0.10k	18.26±0.09ab	20.95±0.13b	13.69±0.04bc	0.88±0.04ef	15.50±0.05hi
	N3S3	0.88±0.08fg	22.54±0.22j	17.76±0.12e	19.45±0.14d	11.79±0.03ef	1.31±0.06bc	8.98±0.07k
	N4CK	2.34±0.12a	35.72±0.11ab	7.24±0.14i	15.66±0.13i	6.91±0.15k	0.38±0.01l	18.02±0.13c
	N4S1	2.36±0.09a	36.24±0.25a	13.84±0.11g	18.00±0.07g	10.76±0.10i	0.58±0.01i	18.44±0.11a
	N4S2	2.18±0.13b	33.35±0.09e	18.19±0.07b	20.12±0.09c	13.64±0.07c	0.87±0.02f	15.62±0.05h
	N4S3	1.97±0.05c	27.83±0.02f	17.55±0.08f	18.92±0.14e	11.74±0.08f	1.30±0.03c	9.01±0.06k
2018	N0CK	2.57±0.09cdef	37.77±0.04h	6.09±0.0.7i	15.80±0.16i	7.68±0.06m	0.48±0.01l	16.17±0.05b
	N0S1	2.62±0.03abcd	38.64±0.05g	14.47±0.08g	18.56±0.05h	11.25±0.02j	0.68±0.02i	16.45±0.03a
	N0S2	2.12±0.04i	32.45±0.08k	16.90±0.06e	19.08±0.09g	13.06±0.20h	0.83±0.02f	15.66±0.04cd
	N0S3	2.15±0.08i	33.52±0.16j	19.04±0.09c	21.91±0.14b	13.69±0.21d	1.12±0.01c	12.18±0.07g
	N1CK	2.71±0.07abcd	40.72±0.14c	7.11±0.11h	15.86±0.21i	7.78±0.05k	0.52±0.03j	15.11±0.08ef
	N1S1	2.74±0.07abc	41.04±0.11b	14.60±0.12f	19.24±0.07e	11.36±0.04i	0.73±0.04g	15.48±0.09d
	N1S2	2.25±0.09hi	34.35±0.04i	17.04±0.14d	20.36±0.08c	13.17±0.11e	0.88±0.04d	14.89±0.11f
	N1S3	1.69±0.50k	26.71±0.08n	19.25±0.07a	21.97±0.17ab	13.79±0.13a	1.17±0.05a	11.74±0.12i
	N2CK	2.75±0.10ab	41.51±0.09a	7.08±0.06h	15.85±0.16i	7.75±0.11kl	0.51±0.04j	15.18±0.07e
	N2S1	2.79±0.11a	41.61±0.15a	14.55±0.08fg	19.20±0.04ef	11.33±0.15i	0.72±0.03gh	15.65±0.04cd
	N2S2	2.38±0.08gh	34.75±0.14i	17.00±0.11d	20.32±0.11cd	13.13±0.05ef	0.87±0.04de	15.02±0.05ef
	N2S3	1.87±0.07j	27.48±0.1m	19.20±0.08ab	22.02±0.18a	13.77±0.06ab	1.16±0.06ab	11.83±0.06hi
	N3CK	2.55±0.01def	40.34±0.11d	7.04±0.07h	15.83±0.14i	7.73±0.12lm	0.50±0.01k	15.61±0.12cd
	N3S1	2.59±0.03bcde	39.38±0.11f	14.51±0.03fg	19.17±0.08efg	11.27±0.13j	0.71±0.02hi	15.78±0.10c
	N3S2	2.09±0.11i	29.97±0.18l	16.97±0.07de	20.28±0.07cd	13.11±0.08fg	0.86±0.03e	15.17±0.07e
	N3S3	2.18±0.08i	34.50±0.10i	19.16±0.09ab	21.98±0.14ab	13.74±0.04bc	1.15±0.03b	11.90±0.03hi
	N4CK	2.63±0.06abcd	39.61±0.28e	6.11±0.08i	15.82±0.06i	7.69±0.12m	0.49±0.01kl	15.82±0.09c
	N4S1	2.68±0.07abcd	39.64±0.17e	14.47±0.01g	19.12±0.18fg	11.27±0.16j	0.69±0.03i	16.24±0.01ab
	N4S2	2.41±0.04fgh	38.76±0.11g	16.95±0.05de	20.24±0.14d	13.08±0.14gh	0.84±0.02f	15.49±0.04d
	N4S3	2.45±0.12efg	39.74±0.11e	19.11±0.11bc	21.94±0.16ab	13.70±0.11cd	1.13±0.01c	12.08±0.07gh
双因素方差分析（F值检验）Two-Way ANOVA (F value test)
2017	N	179.40**	1423.71*	28.91**	30.25**	18.57**	63.10**	101.82**
	S	705.67**	10683.32	1.12E5**	1092.12*	3.75E4**	5.14E4**	2.48E4**
	N×S	69.96**	475.11**	10.00**	7.29**	0.02	0.51	21.24**
2018	N	9.99**	1256.70*	136.18**	215.35**	31.48**	83.36**	64.35**
	S	160.28**	9468.99*	1.61E5**	3.65E4*	1.56E5**	2.03E4**	2405.46**
	N×S	11.13**	1280.21*	63.56**	69.48**	0.37	0.37	2.28

表4

图4

图5

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年份 Year	质地 Soil texture	干容重 Dry bulk density (g·cm^-3)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	田间持水量 Field water holding capacity (%)
2017	壤土Loam	1.29	0.58	0.82	7.1	29.24	418.59	30.65
2018	壤土Loam	1.32	0.63	0.77	8.0	31.22	415.31	28.43