中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (5): 990-1003.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.05.011
张继峯1,2,王振华1,2(),张金珠1,窦允清1,2,侯裕生1
收稿日期:
2019-06-03
接受日期:
2019-10-25
出版日期:
2020-03-01
发布日期:
2020-03-14
通讯作者:
王振华
作者简介:
张继峯,E-mail:federjavan@163.com。
基金资助:
ZHANG JiFeng1,2,WANG ZhenHua1,2(),ZHANG JinZhu1,DOU YunQing1,2,HOU YuSheng1
Received:
2019-06-03
Accepted:
2019-10-25
Online:
2020-03-01
Published:
2020-03-14
Contact:
ZhenHua WANG
摘要:
【目的】新疆有着全中国最大面积的盐碱地和加工番茄的种植基地。在新疆开展两年试验以研究加工番茄在氮盐交互下生长、生理、产量和品质的变化规律,获得适宜新疆盐碱地种植加工番茄的合理施氮量和土壤盐分范围,为新疆扩大加工番茄种植面积和合理施氮提供科学的理论依据及技术途径。【方法】试验于2017和2018年在石河子大学现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验基地进行,以当地主栽品种3166为试验材料,2017年试验共设置4个土壤含盐量水平:1.5、4.0、7.0和10.0 g·kg -1及4个氮素水平:201、166、131和96 kg·hm -2,2018年在2017年的基础上去除10.0 g·kg -1的土壤含盐量,增加5.0 g·kg -1的土壤含盐量和不施氮量处理。试验测定和分析加工番茄的荧光叶绿素参数、产量和品质指标。【结果】在氮盐交互下,加工番茄荧光参数及产量等指标均呈现出复杂的变化规律。绝大多数的荧光参数及产量受土壤盐分的主导作用较氮素强,在同等氮素水平下,7.0 g·kg -1和10.0 g·kg -1的土壤盐分对加工番茄荧光指标抑制程度最大;低盐分水平下,166 kg·hm -2的中等偏高的施氮量对加工番茄的荧光指标促进作用最大,其次是施氮201 kg·hm -2的处理;在中等偏高的盐分水平下,96 kg·hm -2的低氮对加工番茄的最好,其次为不施氮水平。加工番茄的鲜果产量总体上符合“盐高产低”的规律,但低氮高盐处理的产量明显高于其他同盐度的氮素水平下的产量。可溶性固形物、VC、可溶性糖和可滴定酸均随着土壤含盐量的增大逐渐增大,糖酸比的最大值均出现在低盐处理,盐分对加工番茄品质的影响远高于氮素,二者交互对加工番茄的品质并无显著性影响。通过图形叠加分析方法,得出了加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间。【结论】在盐碱程度偏高的土壤可通过少施氮素来提高加工番茄产量;加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间为N:98.12—119.60 kg·hm -2,S:3.57—5.58 g·kg -1。
张继峯,王振华,张金珠,窦允清,侯裕生. 滴灌下氮盐交互对加工番茄荧光特性及产量品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(5): 990-1003.
ZHANG JiFeng,WANG ZhenHua,ZHANG JinZhu,DOU YunQing,HOU YuSheng. The Influences of Different Nitrogen and Salt Levels Interactions on Fluorescence Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Processed Tomato Under Drip Irrigation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(5): 990-1003.
表1
土壤的基本理化性质(0—40 cm土层均值)"
年份 Year | 质地 Soil texture | 干容重 Dry bulk density (g·cm-3) | 全氮 Total N (g·kg-1) | 全磷 Total P (g·kg-1) | 全钾 Total K (g·kg-1) | 速效磷 Available P (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K (mg·kg-1) | 田间持水量 Field water holding capacity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 壤土Loam | 1.29 | 0.58 | 0.82 | 7.1 | 29.24 | 418.59 | 30.65 |
2018 | 壤土Loam | 1.32 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 8.0 | 31.22 | 415.31 | 28.43 |
表2
2017—2018年灌水施肥试验设计"
年份 Year | 生育时期 Growth stage | 日期 Date (M-d) | 灌水处理 Irrigation treatment | 施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
灌水量 Irrigation volume (mm) | 灌水次数 Irrigation frequency | 氮素Nitrogen (g/pot) | 磷酸一铵 NH4H2PO4 (g/pot) | 氯化钾 KCl (g/pot) | 施肥次数 Fertilization frequency | ||||||
N1 | N2 | N3 | N4 | ||||||||
2017 | 苗期 Seedling period | 05-03—05-31 | 50 | 1 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1 |
开花坐果期 Blooming and fruit period | 06-01—06-21 | 150 | 3 | 1.79 | 1.48 | 1.17 | 0.85 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
果实膨大期 Enlargement period | 06-22—07-31 | 200 | 4 | 2.38 | 1.97 | 1.55 | 1.15 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 4 | |
成熟期 Mature period | 08-01—08-20 | 50 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
全生育期 The whole growth period | — | 450 | 9 | 4.77 | 3.94 | 3.11 | 2.28 | 5.35 | 5.35 | 8 | |
2018 | 苗期 Seedling period | 04-30—05-27 | 50 | 1 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1 |
开花坐果期 Blooming and fruit period | 05-28—06-22 | 150 | 3 | 1.79 | 1.48 | 1.17 | 0.85 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
果实膨大期 Enlargement period | 06-23—07-26 | 200 | 4 | 2.38 | 1.97 | 1.55 | 1.15 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 4 | |
成熟期 Mature period | 07-27—08-15 | 50 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
全生育期 The whole growth period | — | 450 | 9 | 4.77 | 3.94 | 3.11 | 2.28 | 5.35 | 5.35 | 8 |
表4
不同处理加工番茄产量和品质的变化情况"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 鲜果产量 Fresh fruit yield (kg/pot) | 单果重 Fruit mean weight (g) | 可溶性固形物 Total soluble solids (%) | 维生素C Vitamin C (mg·100g-1) | 可溶性糖 Soluble sugar content (%) | 可滴定酸 Titrable acidity (%) | 糖酸比 Sugar to acid ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | N1CK | 2.31±0.12ab | 33.60±0.28d | 7.34±0.07h | 15.74±0.08i | 7.05±0.11j | 0.42±0.02j | 16.64±0.01g |
N1S1 | 2.33±0.04a | 35.05±0.14c | 13.86±0.08g | 18.55±0.09ef | 10.91±0.09g | 0.61±0.01g | 17.78±0.08d | |
N1S2 | 0.77±0.08g | 23.31±0.17i | 18.32±0.06a | 21.89±0.15a | 13.79±0.06a | 0.90±0.03d | 15.26±0.01j | |
N1S3 | 1.05±0.10de | 25.62±0.16g | 18.04±0.04c | 19.74±0.11cd | 11.89±0.13d | 1.33±0.01a | 8.92±0.07k | |
N2CK | 2.35±0.13a | 35.51±0.02b | 7.35±7.00h | 15.76±0.07i | 7.01±0.14j | 0.41±0.02jk | 16.95±0.11f | |
N2S1 | 2.38±0.11a | 35.07±0.13c | 13.85±0.11g | 18.53±0.09ef | 10.86±0.15gh | 0.60±0.04gh | 18.00±0.06c | |
N2S2 | 1.90±0.07c | 27.85±0.06f | 18.26±0.07ab | 21.84±0.11a | 13.74±0.04ab | 0.89±0.01de | 15.38±0.07ij | |
N2S3 | 1.13±0.09d | 24.74±0.13h | 17.94±0.06d | 19.69±0.03d | 11.84±0.06de | 1.32±0.03ab | 8.95±0.05k | |
N3CK | 2.31±0.12ab | 34.97±0.11c | 7.22±0.12i | 16.17±0.05h | 6.96±0.07jk | 0.40±0.01k | 17.25±0.13e | |
N3S1 | 2.34±0.17a | 35.08±0.04c | 13.85±0.11g | 18.35±0.11fg | 10.81±0.06hi | 0.59±0.02hi | 18.21±0.07b | |
N3S2 | 0.92±0.05ef | 22.28±0.10k | 18.26±0.09ab | 20.95±0.13b | 13.69±0.04bc | 0.88±0.04ef | 15.50±0.05hi | |
N3S3 | 0.88±0.08fg | 22.54±0.22j | 17.76±0.12e | 19.45±0.14d | 11.79±0.03ef | 1.31±0.06bc | 8.98±0.07k | |
N4CK | 2.34±0.12a | 35.72±0.11ab | 7.24±0.14i | 15.66±0.13i | 6.91±0.15k | 0.38±0.01l | 18.02±0.13c | |
N4S1 | 2.36±0.09a | 36.24±0.25a | 13.84±0.11g | 18.00±0.07g | 10.76±0.10i | 0.58±0.01i | 18.44±0.11a | |
N4S2 | 2.18±0.13b | 33.35±0.09e | 18.19±0.07b | 20.12±0.09c | 13.64±0.07c | 0.87±0.02f | 15.62±0.05h | |
N4S3 | 1.97±0.05c | 27.83±0.02f | 17.55±0.08f | 18.92±0.14e | 11.74±0.08f | 1.30±0.03c | 9.01±0.06k | |
2018 | N0CK | 2.57±0.09cdef | 37.77±0.04h | 6.09±0.0.7i | 15.80±0.16i | 7.68±0.06m | 0.48±0.01l | 16.17±0.05b |
N0S1 | 2.62±0.03abcd | 38.64±0.05g | 14.47±0.08g | 18.56±0.05h | 11.25±0.02j | 0.68±0.02i | 16.45±0.03a | |
N0S2 | 2.12±0.04i | 32.45±0.08k | 16.90±0.06e | 19.08±0.09g | 13.06±0.20h | 0.83±0.02f | 15.66±0.04cd | |
N0S3 | 2.15±0.08i | 33.52±0.16j | 19.04±0.09c | 21.91±0.14b | 13.69±0.21d | 1.12±0.01c | 12.18±0.07g | |
N1CK | 2.71±0.07abcd | 40.72±0.14c | 7.11±0.11h | 15.86±0.21i | 7.78±0.05k | 0.52±0.03j | 15.11±0.08ef | |
N1S1 | 2.74±0.07abc | 41.04±0.11b | 14.60±0.12f | 19.24±0.07e | 11.36±0.04i | 0.73±0.04g | 15.48±0.09d | |
N1S2 | 2.25±0.09hi | 34.35±0.04i | 17.04±0.14d | 20.36±0.08c | 13.17±0.11e | 0.88±0.04d | 14.89±0.11f | |
N1S3 | 1.69±0.50k | 26.71±0.08n | 19.25±0.07a | 21.97±0.17ab | 13.79±0.13a | 1.17±0.05a | 11.74±0.12i | |
N2CK | 2.75±0.10ab | 41.51±0.09a | 7.08±0.06h | 15.85±0.16i | 7.75±0.11kl | 0.51±0.04j | 15.18±0.07e | |
N2S1 | 2.79±0.11a | 41.61±0.15a | 14.55±0.08fg | 19.20±0.04ef | 11.33±0.15i | 0.72±0.03gh | 15.65±0.04cd | |
N2S2 | 2.38±0.08gh | 34.75±0.14i | 17.00±0.11d | 20.32±0.11cd | 13.13±0.05ef | 0.87±0.04de | 15.02±0.05ef | |
N2S3 | 1.87±0.07j | 27.48±0.1m | 19.20±0.08ab | 22.02±0.18a | 13.77±0.06ab | 1.16±0.06ab | 11.83±0.06hi | |
N3CK | 2.55±0.01def | 40.34±0.11d | 7.04±0.07h | 15.83±0.14i | 7.73±0.12lm | 0.50±0.01k | 15.61±0.12cd | |
N3S1 | 2.59±0.03bcde | 39.38±0.11f | 14.51±0.03fg | 19.17±0.08efg | 11.27±0.13j | 0.71±0.02hi | 15.78±0.10c | |
N3S2 | 2.09±0.11i | 29.97±0.18l | 16.97±0.07de | 20.28±0.07cd | 13.11±0.08fg | 0.86±0.03e | 15.17±0.07e | |
N3S3 | 2.18±0.08i | 34.50±0.10i | 19.16±0.09ab | 21.98±0.14ab | 13.74±0.04bc | 1.15±0.03b | 11.90±0.03hi | |
N4CK | 2.63±0.06abcd | 39.61±0.28e | 6.11±0.08i | 15.82±0.06i | 7.69±0.12m | 0.49±0.01kl | 15.82±0.09c | |
N4S1 | 2.68±0.07abcd | 39.64±0.17e | 14.47±0.01g | 19.12±0.18fg | 11.27±0.16j | 0.69±0.03i | 16.24±0.01ab | |
N4S2 | 2.41±0.04fgh | 38.76±0.11g | 16.95±0.05de | 20.24±0.14d | 13.08±0.14gh | 0.84±0.02f | 15.49±0.04d | |
N4S3 | 2.45±0.12efg | 39.74±0.11e | 19.11±0.11bc | 21.94±0.16ab | 13.70±0.11cd | 1.13±0.01c | 12.08±0.07gh | |
双因素方差分析(F值检验)Two-Way ANOVA (F value test) | ||||||||
2017 | N | 179.40** | 1423.71* | 28.91** | 30.25** | 18.57** | 63.10** | 101.82** |
S | 705.67** | 10683.32 | 1.12E5** | 1092.12* | 3.75E4** | 5.14E4** | 2.48E4** | |
N×S | 69.96** | 475.11** | 10.00** | 7.29** | 0.02 | 0.51 | 21.24** | |
2018 | N | 9.99** | 1256.70* | 136.18** | 215.35** | 31.48** | 83.36** | 64.35** |
S | 160.28** | 9468.99* | 1.61E5** | 3.65E4* | 1.56E5** | 2.03E4** | 2405.46** | |
N×S | 11.13** | 1280.21* | 63.56** | 69.48** | 0.37 | 0.37 | 2.28 |
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