基于温室番茄产量和果实品质对加气灌溉处理的综合评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.11.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同灌水水平和滴头埋深条件下加气灌溉对温室番茄产量、灌溉水分利用效率（IWUE）和果实品质的影响,进而对不同试验处理进行综合评价。【方法】试验以常规地下滴灌（S）为对照,设置在W1、W2和W3（对应作物-皿系数k_cp分别为0.6、0.8和1.0）3个灌水水平与D1和D2（分别对应15 cm和25 cm）2种滴头埋深下进行加气灌溉（O）,共12个处理。基于各处理下果实产量和品质指标的差异,通过主成分分析法探索较优的试验处理。【结果】加气灌溉下单株产量、单果重、IWUE、果实中番茄红素、Vc、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比较对照分别显著增加了21.2%、23.9%、21.0%、28.1%、36.0%、22.8%和28.0%（P<0.05）。主成分分析中,第1主成分主要受番茄红素、Vc、灌溉水分利用效率和糖酸比的正影响,且处理W2D1O和W2D2O的得分分列第1和2名。因此处理W2D1O和W2D2O在兼顾节水和番茄果实营养品质方面较优。第2主成分主要受单株产量的正影响和有机酸的负影响,各处理有机酸含量未形成显著性差异且处理W3D1O的单株产量最高,因此得分最高。处理W3D1O的综合得分在12个处理中位列第1位。【结论】灌水水平k_cp为1.0,滴头埋深15 cm的加气灌溉处理可兼顾节水和温室番茄高产、优质的要求,为加气灌溉的实际应用提供理论依据。

关键词: 加气灌溉, 灌水水平, 滴头埋深, 主成分分析, 产量, 品质, 番茄, 温室

Abstract:

【Objective】 Oxygation is defined as the delivery of aerated water directly to the root zone by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and is recognized to increase yield and water use efficiency (WUE) through improving soil aeration around SDI drippers. The specific objective was to assess the effects of oxygation under different irrigation amounts and trickle-buried depths conditions on fruit yield and quality and IWUE (irrigation water use efficiency) of greenhouse tomato, and then the optimal treatment was explored through principal component analysis. 【Method】 Greenhouse-based experiments were conducted during tomato growing season (from Aug. 18, 2016 to Jan. 9, 2017) under the oxygation (O) and unaerated SDI (S, CK) conditions, which included three different irrigation levels correlated with crop-pan coefficients (k_cp) being 0.6 (W1), 0.8 (W2) and 1.0 (W3) and two different emitter depths of 15 cm (D1) and 25 cm (D2), respectively. Consequently, there was a total of 12 treatments (W1D1O, W1D1S, W2D1O, W2D1S, W3D1O, W3D1S, W1D2O, W1D2S, W2D2O, W2D2S, W3D1S and W3D2S) and replied 3 times. 【Result】 The results showed that yield per plant, fruit weight, IWUE, the content of lycopene, vitamin C, soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio in fruit with oxygation were significantly increased by 21.2%, 23.9%, 21.0%, 28.1%, 36.0%, 22.8% and 28.0%, respectively (P<0.05), compared with the CK. In the principal component analysis, the first principal component was positively affected by lycopene, Vc, IWUE and sugar-acid ratio, and W2D1O and W2D2O were ranked the first and second, respectively. Therefore, compared with other treatments, W2D1O and W2D2O were better in both reducing irrigation water application and improving nutritional quality of tomato fruits. The second principal component was positively influenced by yield per plant and negatively affected by the content of organic acid. Meanwhile, the content of organic acid showed no significant differences among all treatments. What’s more, the yield per plant under W3D1O was the highest. Consequently, the score of the second principal component of W3D1O was the highest. The comprehensive scores of W3D1O were ranked the first among the 12 treatments. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, in this experiment, the combination of k_cp being 1.0 with emitter depths of 15 cm under oxygation conditions could best meet the requirements of reducing irrigation water application and improving fruit yield and quality. In a word, the exploration of optimal treatment provided a theoretical basis for the applying of oxygation.

Key words: oxygation, irrigation level, emitter depths, the principal component analysis, yield, quality, tomato, greenhouse

朱艳,蔡焕杰,宋利兵,商子惠,陈慧. 基于温室番茄产量和果实品质对加气灌溉处理的综合评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(11): 2241-2252.

ZHU Yan,CAI HuanJie,SONG LiBing,SHANG ZiHui,CHEN Hui. Comprehensive Evaluation of Different Oxygation Treatments Based on Fruit Yield and Quality of Greenhouse Tomato[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(11): 2241-2252.

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移植后天数 Days after transplanting (d)	2次灌水期间蒸发量 Evaporation between 2 irrigations (mm)	灌水量Irrigation water volume (mm)			移植后天数 Days after transplanting (d)	2次灌水期间蒸发量 Evaporation between 2 irrigations (mm)	灌水量Irrigation water volume (mm)
移植后天数 Days after transplanting (d)	2次灌水期间蒸发量 Evaporation between 2 irrigations (mm)	W1O （W1S）	W2O (W2S)	W3O （W3S）	移植后天数 Days after transplanting (d)	2次灌水期间蒸发量 Evaporation between 2 irrigations (mm)	W1O （W1S）	W2O （W2S）	W3O （W3S）
13	12.5	7.5	10.0	12.5	81	3.8	2.3	3.0	3.8
17	17.8	10.7	14.2	17.8	88	5.5	3.3	4.4	5.5
24	19.4	11.6	15.5	19.4	91	3.3	2.0	2.6	3.3
28	11.2	6.7	9.0	11.2	94	1.5	0.9	1.2	1.5
32	6.8	4.1	5.4	6.8	98	2.4	1.4	1.9	2.4
39	9.3	5.6	7.4	9.3	101	1.7	1.0	1.4	1.7
42	2.6	1.6	2.1	2.6	108	5.7	3.4	4.6	5.7
46	7.2	4.3	5.8	7.2	113	5.5	3.3	4.4	5.5
49	5.8	3.5	4.6	5.8	120	5.2	3.1	4.2	5.2
52	1.3	0.8	1.0	1.3	123	2.6	1.6	2.1	2.6
55	1.5	0.9	1.2	1.5	127	2.0	1.2	1.6	2.0
63	6.2	3.7	5.0	6.2	130	2.4	1.4	1.9	2.4
70	3.7	2.2	3.0	3.7	133	2.1	1.3	1.7	2.1
74	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.9	141	4.8	2.9	3.8	4.8
78	3.7	2.2	3.0	3.7	总计 Total	159.8	95.9	127.8	159.8

产量指标 Yield factors	处理 Treatment	W1	W2	W3	D1	D2	平均值 Mean value	F值F-value
产量指标 Yield factors	处理 Treatment	W1	W2	W3	D1	D2	平均值 Mean value	O	W	D
单株产量 Fruit yield per plant (g)	O	696.7±22.8	820.4±33.2	924.5±34.6	818.0±28.7	809.8±26.4	813.9±19.4B	46.41**	22.03**	0.338
	S	530.2±17.0	685.2±33.0	707.8±24.5	653.0±24.7	629.1±21.4	641.1±16.3A
	平均值 Mean value	613.5±16.8a	752.8±24.4b	816.2±24.2c	735.5±20.2A	719.5±18.8A
单株果数 Fruit number per plant	O	7.90±0.34	8.02±0.31	8.40±0.30	8.05±0.26	8.17±0.26	8.11±0.18A	1.656	1.107	0.026
	S	8.29±0.39	8.38±0.39	8.81±0.43	8.51±0.31	8.48±0.35	8.49±0.23A
	平均值 Mean value	8.10±0.26a	8.20±0.25a	8.61±0.26a	8.28±0.20A	8.33±0.22A
单果重 Fruit weight (g)	O	91.9±2.91	103.1±2.18	110.7±1.78	102.9±2.17	100.9±2.10	101.9±1.51B	157.32**	21.20**	0.285
	S	67.2±2.11	82.1±1.28	83.5±1.86	77.9±1.55	77.3±1.89	77.6±1.22A
	平均值 Mean value	79.5±2.24a	92.6±1.70b	97.1±1.97b	90.4±1.74A	89.1±1.76A
IWUE (g·mm^-1)	O	52.0±1.70	45.9±1.86	41.4±1.55	46.4±1.43	46.5±1.56	46.5±1.05B	52.05**	14.02**	0.148
	S	39.6±1.27	38.4±1.27	31.7±1.10	37.2±1.29	35.9±1.20	36.6±0.88A
	平均值 Mean value	45.8±1.26c	42.2±1.37b	36.6±1.08a	41.8±1.04A	41.2±1.09A

品质指标 Quality factors	处理 Treatment	W1	W2	W3	D1	D2	平均值 Mean value	F值F-value
品质指标 Quality factors	处理 Treatment	W1	W2	W3	D1	D2	平均值 Mean value	O	W	D
番茄红素Lycopene (μg·g^-1)	O	29.2±2.55	33.8 ±3.02	27.0 ±2.93	30.3 ±1.66	29.7 ±2.35	30.0 ±12.2B	18.96**	2.86	0.412
	S	22.8±1.91	23.6 ±1.92	18.4 ±1.05	22.7 ±1.13	20.5 ±1.65	21.6 ±7.35A
	平均值 Mean value	26.0±1.66ab	28.7 ±1.96b	22.7 ±1.70a	26.5 ±1.40A	25.1 ±1.56A
Vc (mg·100g^-1)	O	2.77±0.35	3.40±0.33	2.48±0.23	2.97±0.22	2.80±0.29	2.88±1.34B	19.70**	2.75	0.402
	S	1.94±0.26	2.06±0.25	1.56±0.24	1.93±0.18	1.77±0.23	1.85±1.06A
	平均值 Mean value	2.36±0.23ab	2.73±0.23b	2.02±0.18a	2.45±0.16A	2.29±0.20A
可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	O	3.10±0.30	2.68±0.42	2.28±0.22	2.77±0.24	2.60±0.30	2.68±1.39B	6.85*	3.17*	0.095
	S	2.36±0.14	2.12±0.36	1.74±0.11	2.07±0.19	2.08±0.20	2.07±1.00A
	平均值 Mean value	2.73±0.17b	2.40±0.28ab	2.01±0.13a	2.42±0.16A	2.34±0.18A
有机酸 Titrable acid (%)	O	0.62±0.03	0.57±0.05	0.54±0.05	0.58±0.04	0.57±0.03	0.58±0.19A	2.22	2.86	0.104
	S	0.73±0.06	0.61±0.06	0.58±0.04	0.65±0.05	0.63±0.04	0.64±0.25A
	平均值 Mean value	0.68±0.04b	0.59±0.04ab	0.56±0.03a	0.61±0.03A	0.60±0.03A
糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio	O	5.00±0.41	4.55±0.49	4.90±0.70	5.23±0.51	4.40±0.34	4.81±2.28B	13.43**	0.246	1.51
	S	3.65±0.34	3.44±0.44	3.25±0.30	3.52±0.32	3.38±0.26	3.45±1.51A
	平均值 Mean value	4.32±0.29a	4.00±0.34a	4.08±0.40a	4.37±0.32A	3.89±0.23A

处理 Treatment	单株产量 Fruit yield per (g/plant)	单株果数 Fruit number per plant	单果重 Fruit weight (g)	IWUE (g·mm^-1)	番茄红素 Lycopene (μg·g^-1)	Vc (mg·100 g^-1)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	有机酸 Titrable acid (%)	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio
W1D1O	666.0±30.03b	7.76±0.511a	89.8±4.03cd	6.94±0.313fg	30.1±4.33cd	2.84±0.42cd	3.16±0.34c	0.65±0.06a	5.00±0.53bc
W1D1S	537.8±17.56a	8.19±0.429a	67.3±1.91a	5.61±0.183cd	23.3±1.85abc	2.01±0.30abc	2.24±0.10abc	0.73±0.10a	3.60±0.52ab
W1D2O	727.5±33.79bcd	8.05±0.460a	93.9±4.26d	7.59±0.352g	28.3±2.95bcd	2.70±0.59bcd	3.04±0.50c	0.60±0.04a	4.99±0.65bc
W1D2S	522.6±29.48a	8.38±0.664a	67.0±3.83a	5.45±0.307cd	22.3±3.47abc	1.87±0.45abc	2.48±0.27abc	0.73±0.08a	3.70±0.48ab
W2D1O	837.5±52.73de	8.10±0.462a	103.9±3.20e	6.55±0.413ef	33.1±3.52d	3.45±0.48d	2.85±0.53bc	0.57±0.09a	5.07±0.64bc
W2D1S	692.6±56.12bc	8.62±0.667a	81.2±2.40b	5.42±0.439bcd	25.3±2.32abcd	2.15±0.35abc	2.09±0.55abc	0.62-±0.10a	3.36±0.71ab
W2D2O	803.2±41.39cde	7.95±0.428a	102.4±3.03e	6.29±0.324def	34.6±5.12d	3.34±0.49d	2.50±0.69abc	0.57-±0.05a	4.04±0.75abc
W2D2S	677.7±36.02b	8.14±0.416a	83.1±0.92bc	5.30±0.212bc	21.8±3.07abc	1.98±0.37abc	2.16±0.49abc	0.60-±0.09a	3.52±0.55ab
W3D1O	950.5±44.11f	8.29±0.403a	115.0±1.24f	5.95±0.28cde	27.6±4.70bcd	2.60±0.16abcd	2.29±0.32abc	0.53±0.08a	5.62±1.35c
W3D1S	728.5±34.19bcd	8.71±0.508a	85.2±2.07bc	4.56±0.214ab	19.3±1.13ab	1.64±0.30ab	1.87±0.14ab	0.59±0.07a	3.59±0.50ab
W3D2O	898.6±53.79ef	8.52±0.461a	106.4±3.09e	5.62±0.337cd	26.3±3.78abcd	2.36±0.43abcd	2.27±0.33abc	0.54±0.06a	4.18±0.32abc
W3D2S	687.1±35.30b	8.90±0.707a	81.7±3.10bc	4.30±0.221a	17.5±1.80a	1.48±0.38a	1.60±0.17a	0.57±0.05a	2.92±0.31a

指标 Index	单株产量 Fruit yield per plant	单株果数 Fruit number per plant	单果重 Fruit weight	IWUE	番茄红素 Lycopene	Vc	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar	有机酸 Titrable acid	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio
单株产量Fruit yield per plant	1	-0.008	0.970**	0.193	0.459	0.502	0.059	-0.910**	0.565
单株果数Fruit number per plant		1	-0.228	-0.834**	-0.751**	-0.740**	-0.860**	-0.184	-0.622*
单果重Fruit weight			1	0.394	0.620*	0.660*	0.272	-0.851**	0.703*
IWUE				1	0.803**	0.795**	0.937**	-0.004	0.776**
番茄红素Lycopene					1	0.986**	0.757**	-0.233	0.695*
Vc						1	0.754**	-0.304	0.724**
可溶性糖Soluble sugar							1	0.146	0.742**
有机酸Titrable acid								1	-0.311
糖酸比Sugar-acid ratio									1