长期施肥下华北潮土生产力演变及影响因素分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.11.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (11): 2232-2240.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.11.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期施肥下华北潮土生产力演变及影响因素分析

王乐¹,陈延华^1,²,张淑香¹(),马常宝³,孙楠¹,李春花¹()

¹中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京 100081
²北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所, 北京 100097
³全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京 100026

收稿日期:2019-08-05 接受日期:2019-11-20 出版日期:2020-06-01 发布日期:2020-06-09
通讯作者: 张淑香,李春花
作者简介:王乐,E-mail： 2991631441@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0503805);国家公益性行业(农业科研专项201503120);中央公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132018050)

Evolution of Fluvo-Aquic Soil Productivity Under Long-Term Fertilization and Its Influencing Factors

WANG Le¹,CHEN YanHua^1,²,ZHANG ShuXiang¹(),MA ChangBao³,SUN Nan¹,LI ChunHua¹()

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning/ National Engineering Laboratory for Cultivated Land Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
²Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097
³National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100026

Received:2019-08-05 Accepted:2019-11-20 Online:2020-06-01 Published:2020-06-09
Contact: ShuXiang ZHANG,ChunHua LI

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】华北潮土区是我国小麦和玉米的主产区。明确潮土生产力的变化规律,探明影响潮土生产力的主要因素,为潮土的作物增产和可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】以国家级潮土长期定位监测点位为平台,利用时间趋势分析和中值分析方法分别总结其生产力和土壤肥力因素在不同监测时期变化趋势;并运用逐步回归和通径分析方法分析作物产量的影响因素。【结果】近31年来常规施肥下华北潮土生产力监测结果显示,整个监测期间小麦产量呈上升的趋势,小麦产量均值为6 443 kg·hm ^-2。1988—1993 年小麦平均产量为2 814 kg·hm ^-2,2014—2018 年小麦平均产量为 6 902 kg·hm ^-2,较监测初期（1988—1993）提高 145%,年均增长132 kg·hm ^-2。常规施肥区玉米产量随时间显著升高,1988—1993 年玉米平均产量为2 667 kg·hm ^-2,2014—2018 年玉米平均产量为8 267 kg·hm ^-2,较监测初期（1988—1993年）提高 210%,年均增长 180 kg·hm ^-2。玉米产量及增产效果明显高于小麦。华北潮土区土壤地力对小麦和玉米产量的平均贡献率分别为 48% 和 51% 。施肥量与作物增产量呈显著正相关的关系。随着施肥年限的增加,作物产量的可持续性也在增加。逐步回归和通径分析的结果表明,土壤有效磷为影响整体作物产量的主要因子。对小麦产量具有直接作用的因素顺序依次为有机质、施氮量、施钾量,玉米产量直接作用的因素是全氮、有效磷、施氮量、施磷量。【结论】从整个监测时期来看,潮土生产力在监测后期得到了明显的改善,土壤生产力主要受氮肥、有机质、有效磷等因素影响较大。因此潮土区生产力的提高需要地力的提升和肥料的科学施用。

关键词: 长期施肥, 潮土, 生产力演变, 作物产量, 可持续性指数, 华北

Abstract:

【Objective】The fluvo-aquic soil in North China is the main producing area of wheat and corn grain crops in China. The aim of the study was to clarify the changing laws of fluvo-aquic soil productivity and to identify the main factors affecting the productivity of fluvo-aquic soil, so as to provide a theoretical basis for crop yield increase and sustainable development in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Method】This study used the long-term monitoring points of national fluvo-aquic soil as the platform, and used time trend analysis and median analysis methods to summarize the trends of productivity and soil fertility factors in different monitoring periods. 【Result】The monitoring results of fluvo-aquic soil productivity in North China under conventional fertilization in the past 31 years showed: under the conventional fertilization in fluvo-aquic soil, wheat yield increased during the whole monitoring period, and the average wheat yield was 6 443 kg·hm ^-2. The average wheat yield from 1988 to 1993 was 2 814 kg·hm ^-2, and the average wheat yield in 2014-2018 was 6 902 kg·hm ^-2; compared with the initial monitoring period (1988-1993), the wheat yield in 2014-2018 increased by 145%, with an average annual growth of 132 kg·hm ^-2. The maize yield in conventional fertilization area increased significantly with time. The average yield of corn in 1988-1993 was 2 667 kg·hm ^-2, and the average yield of corn in 2014-2018 was 8 267 kg·hm ^-2, which was earlier than the initial monitoring period (1988-1993); which increased by 210%, with an average annual growth of 180 kg·hm ^-2. Corn yield and its yield increase were significantly higher than wheat. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to wheat and maize yield was 48% and 51%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of fertilizer applied and crop yield increase. As the number of years of fertilization increased, the sustainability of crops increased. The results of stepwise regression and path analysis indicated soil available phosphorus was a major factor affecting overall crop yield. The order of factors with a direct effect on wheat yield was organic matter, nitrogen application rate, and potassium application rate. The direct effect of maize yield was total nitrogen, available phosphorus, nitrogen application rate, and phosphorus application rate. 【Conclusion】 During the whole monitoring period, the fluvo-aquic soil productivity was significantly improved in the later stage of monitoring. The soil productivity was mainly affected by nitrogen fertilizer, organic matter and available phosphorus. Therefore, the improvement of productivity in fluvo-aquic soil areas required the improvement of soil fertility and the scientific application of fertilizer.

Key words: long-term fertilization, fluvo-aquic, productivity, crop yield, sustainability index, North China

王乐,陈延华,张淑香,马常宝,孙楠,李春花. 长期施肥下华北潮土生产力演变及影响因素分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(11): 2232-2240.

WANG Le,CHEN YanHua,ZHANG ShuXiang,MA ChangBao,SUN Nan,LI ChunHua. Evolution of Fluvo-Aquic Soil Productivity Under Long-Term Fertilization and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(11): 2232-2240.

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分级 Grade	pH	有机质 SOM	全氮 TN	有效磷 AP	速效钾 Ak
x_a	4.5	10	0.75	3	40
x_c	6.5	20	1.5	10	100
x_p	8.5	30	2	20	150

年份 Year	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize
1988-1993	0.27	0.24
1994-1998	0.46	0.27
1999-2003	0.53	0.50
2004-2008	0.56	0.50
2009-2013	0.58	0.52
2014-2018	0.60	0.49

项目 Item	小麦 Wheat			项目 Item	玉米 Maize
项目 Item	x₂-y	x₆-y	x₈-y	项目 Item	x₃-y	x₄-y	x₆-y	x₇-y
有机质SOM (x₂)	0.723	0.273	0.061	全氮TN (x₃)	0.436	0.056	0.231	0.224
施氮量 (x₆)	0.236	0.301	0.043	有效磷AP (x₄)	0.245	0.217	0.135	0.021
施钾量 (x₈)	0.014	0.019	0.300	施氮量 (x₆)	0.143	0.126	0.396	0.064
				施磷量 (x₇)	0.103	0.049	0.213	0.296

长期施肥下华北潮土生产力演变及影响因素分析

Evolution of Fluvo-Aquic Soil Productivity Under Long-Term Fertilization and Its Influencing Factors

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