中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (11): 2253-2263.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.11.011
收稿日期:
2019-11-07
接受日期:
2020-02-23
出版日期:
2020-06-01
发布日期:
2020-06-09
通讯作者:
聂继云
作者简介:
匡立学,E-mail: lixuekuang99@163.com。
基金资助:
KUANG LiXue1,NIE JiYun1,2(),LI YinPing1,CHENG Yang1,SHEN YouMing1
Received:
2019-11-07
Accepted:
2020-02-23
Online:
2020-06-01
Published:
2020-06-09
Contact:
JiYun NIE
摘要:
【目的】确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【方法】从河北、河南、辽宁、宁夏、山东、山西、陕西、新疆等8个苹果主产省(区)68个市(县)的代表性果园采集176份‘富士’苹果样品进行品质测定,共测定单果重、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度、固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比等15项指标。通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,采用灰色关联度法建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【结果】不同产区间‘富士’苹果品质指标存在差异性,新疆‘富士’苹果硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、山梨醇含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值等8项品质指标均高于其他省(区)‘富士’苹果。维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、蔗糖含量和甜酸比的变异系数均大于30%,可溶性糖含量的变异系数最小(仅为9.8%)。‘富士’苹果某些品质指标间存在极显著的相关性,可滴定酸含量与固酸比、糖酸比之间相关系数分别为-0.844、-0.854,果糖和甜度值之间相关系数达0.963,固酸比与糖酸比之间相关系数为0.941。通过主成分分析和聚类分析,确定单果重(X1)、去皮硬度(X2)、可滴定酸含量(X3)、固酸比(X4)和果糖含量(X5)为‘富士’苹果核心品质指标。通过灰色关联度法建立了‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型Y=0.2601X1+0.1378X2+0.0819X3+0.2601X4+0.2601X5。【结论】单果重、去皮硬度、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和果糖含量为‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘富士’苹果品质的综合评价。
匡立学,聂继云,李银萍,程杨,沈友明. 中国不同地区‘富士’苹果品质评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(11): 2253-2263.
KUANG LiXue,NIE JiYun,LI YinPing,CHENG Yang,SHEN YouMing. Quality Evaluation of ‘Fuji’ Apples Cultivated in Different Regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(11): 2253-2263.
表1
苹果数量与产地"
编号 No. | 省份(自治区) Province (Autonomous region) | 主产市(县) Main city or county | 样品数 Sample number |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 河北 Hebei | 辛集市 Xinji city、邢台县 Xingtai county、肥乡县 Feixiang county、抚宁县 Funing county、昌黎县 Changli county、宽城县 Kuancheng county、滦南县 Luanan county、遵化县 Zunhua county | 20 |
2 | 河南 Henan | 灵宝市 Lingbao city、陕县 Shaan county、虞城县 Yucheng county、民权县 Minquan county、商丘市梁园区 Liangyuan district of Shangqiu city、丰县 Feng county | 14 |
3 | 辽宁 Liaoning | 瓦房店市 Wafangdian city、金州 Jinzhou city、绥中县 Suizhong county、兴城市Xingcheng city、建昌县 Jianchang county | 8 |
4 | 宁夏 Ningxia | 中宁县 Zhongning county、吴忠市 Wuzhong city、青铜峡市 Qingtongxia city、灵武市 Lingwu city、中卫县 Zhongwei county、银川市滨河新区 Binhe new district of Yinchuan city、西夏县 Xixia county、兴庆区 Xingqing district | 24 |
5 | 山东 Shandong | 蓬莱市 Penglai city、栖霞市 Qixia city、烟台市 Yantai city、招远市 Zhaoyuan city、沂源县 Yiyuan county、蒙阴县 Mengyin county、沂水县 Yishui county、泰安县 Taian county、胶南市 Jiaonan city、胶州市 Jiaozhou city、海阳市 Haiyang city、文登市 Wendeng city、威海市 Weihai city、牟平县 Muping county | 44 |
6 | 山西 Shanxi | 平陆县 Pinglu county、万荣县 Wanrong county、临猗县 Linyi county、芮城县Ruicheng county、晋中市 Jinzhong city、吉县 Ji county | 15 |
7 | 陕西 Shaanxi | 白水县 Baishui county、澄城县 Chengcheng county、合阳县 Heyang county、蒲城县 Pucheng county、富平县 Fuping county、旬邑县 Xunyi county、长武县 Changwu county、淳化县 Chunhua county、彬县 Bin county、礼泉县 Liquan county、永寿县 Yongshou county、乾县 Qian county、洛川县 Luochuan county | 28 |
8 | 新疆 Xinjiang | 霍城县 Huocheng county、察布查尔锡伯自治县 Qapqal xibe autonomous county、霍尔果斯市 Horgos city、伊宁县 Yining county、新源县 Xinyuan county、温宿县Wensu county、阿克苏市 Aksu city、阿拉尔市 Aral city | 23 |
合计 | 8 | 176 |
表2
不同地区‘富士’苹果品质比较"
产地 Origin | 单果重 SW (g) | 去皮硬度 FF (kg?cm-2) | 带皮硬度 FFS (kg?cm-2) | 维生素C Vc (mg/100 g) | 可溶性固形物 TSS (%) | 可溶 性糖 SS (%) | 可滴 定酸 TA (%) | 山梨醇 Sor (%) | 葡萄糖 Glu (%) | 果糖 Fru (%) | 蔗糖 Sucr (%) | 甜度 Sv | 固酸比 RTT | 糖酸比 RST | 甜酸比 Sv/Av |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
河北 Hebei | 245.64a | 6.55bc | 8.72bc | 2.72d | 13.66cd | 12.13b | 0.29ab | 0.35b | 2.39abc | 4.97c | 2.97b | 13.47cd | 49.01ab | 43.61ab | 48.85bc |
河南 Henan | 243.55a | 6.41c | 8.62bc | 3.47cd | 13.79bcd | 11.89b | 0.27b | 0.40b | 2.63a | 6.07ab | 3.13b | 15.75ab | 55.48a | 47.79a | 63.44a |
辽宁 Liaoning | 234.80a | 6.51bc | 8.72bc | 3.36cd | 13.34d | 11.42b | 0.32a | 0.35b | 2.08c | 4.61c | 2.75b | 12.41d | 45.01b | 38.20b | 41.75c |
宁夏 Ningxia | 244.13a | 7.10ab | 8.75bc | 4.96b | 14.67ab | 12.01b | 0.32a | 0.57a | 1.61d | 5.41bc | 3.48b | 14.30bcd | 46.61b | 38.14b | 45.37c |
山东 Shandong | 254.93a | 6.81abc | 9.01ab | 3.88bc | 13.73bcd | 11.71b | 0.28ab | 0.37b | 2.55ab | 5.26bc | 2.90b | 14.04bcd | 50.50ab | 43.10ab | 52.09abc |
山西 Shanxi | 245.29a | 6.86abc | 8.32c | 3.81cd | 14.40bc | 12.05b | 0.28ab | 0.39b | 2.13bc | 5.09c | 3.05b | 13.60bcd | 51.89ab | 43.46ab | 49.41bc |
陕西 Shaanxi | 240.42a | 7.29a | 9.27ab | 4.48bc | 14.40bc | 12.05b | 0.32a | 0.39b | 2.47abc | 5.91ab | 3.21b | 15.42abc | 47.86ab | 40.17b | 52.13abc |
新疆 Xinjiang | 227.90a | 7.37a | 9.63a | 6.37a | 15.52a | 12.90a | 0.30ab | 0.69a | 2.27abc | 6.43a | 4.31a | 17.44a | 52.23ab | 43.47ab | 58.56ab |
表3
苹果品质性状及分布"
指标 Index | 均值 Average | 变幅 Range | 标准差 Standard deviation | 变异系数 CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
单果重 SW (g) | 243.9 | 133.2—388.1 | 39.0 | 16.0 |
去皮硬度 FF (kg?cm-2) | 6.93 | 4.69—10.58 | 0.85 | 12.3 |
带皮硬度 FFS (kg?cm-2) | 8.96 | 6.13—13.05 | 0.95 | 10.6 |
维生素C Vc (mg/100 g) | 4.25 | 0.82—10.88 | 1.83 | 43.1 |
可溶性固形物 TSS (%) | 14.23 | 8.90—18.4 | 1.45 | 10.2 |
可溶性糖 SS (%) | 12.04 | 8.65—15.41 | 1.18 | 9.8 |
可滴定酸 TA (%) | 0.30 | 0.15—0.56 | 0.06 | 20.0 |
山梨醇 Sor (%) | 0.44 | 0.05—1.39 | 0.23 | 52.3 |
葡萄糖 Glu (%) | 2.30 | 0.62—4.39 | 0.67 | 29.1 |
果糖 Fru (%) | 5.52 | 1.04—8.62 | 1.21 | 21.9 |
蔗糖 Sucr (%) | 3.24 | 0.28—6.57 | 1.06 | 32.7 |
固酸比 RTT | 49.87 | 28.04—90.67 | 10.79 | 21.6 |
糖酸比 RST | 42.24 | 23.93—75.27 | 9.42 | 22.3 |
甜度 Sv | 14.70 | 2.55—22.91 | 3.14 | 21.4 |
甜酸比 Sv/Av | 51.86 | 8.80—115.70 | 16.27 | 31.4 |
表4
苹果品质指标间的相关性分析"
相关性 Correlation | 去皮 硬度 FF | 带皮 硬度 FFS | 维生素C Vc | 可溶性固形物 TSS | 可溶性糖 SS | 可滴 定酸 TA | 山梨醇 Sor | 葡萄糖 Glu | 果糖 Fru | 蔗糖 Sucr | 固酸比 RTT | 糖酸比 RST | 甜度 Sv | 甜酸比 Sv/Av |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单果重SW | -0.282** | -0.284** | -0.173* | -0.156* | -0.146 | -0.150* | 0.058 | 0.029 | -0.080 | 0.008 | 0.055 | 0.070 | -0.045 | 0.055 |
去皮硬度FF | 0.688** | 0.390** | 0.485** | 0.390** | 0.439** | 0.143 | -0.062 | 0.079 | 0.058 | -0.226** | -0.264** | 0.068 | -0.263** | |
带皮硬度FFS | 0.437** | 0.450** | 0.419** | 0.278** | 0.185* | 0.155* | 0.162* | 0.106 | -0.064 | -0.081 | 0.174* | -0.056 | ||
维生素C Vc | 0.600** | 0.447** | 0.257** | 0.502** | 0.002 | 0.301** | 0.397** | 0.008 | -0.074 | 0.352** | 0.053 | |||
可溶性固形物TSS | 0.735** | 0.324** | 0.499** | -0.020 | 0.239** | 0.342** | 0.140 | 0.000 | 0.289** | -0.030 | ||||
可溶性糖SS | 0.263** | 0.455** | 0.095 | 0.242** | 0.272** | 0.080 | 0.184* | 0.283** | 0.014 | |||||
可滴定酸TA | 0.171* | -0.219** | -0.035 | 0.174* | -0.844** | -0.854** | 0.007 | -0.684** | ||||||
山梨醇Sor | 0.152* | 0.457** | 0.553** | 0.029 | 0.003 | 0.547** | 0.239** | |||||||
葡萄糖Glu | 0.626** | 0.057 | 0.217** | 0.264** | 0.597** | 0.594** | ||||||||
果糖Fru | 0.531** | 0.153* | 0.147 | 0.963** | 0.676** | |||||||||
蔗糖Sucr | -0.009 | -0.047 | 0.722** | 0.351** | ||||||||||
固酸比RTT | 0.941** | 0.134 | 0.742** | |||||||||||
糖酸比RST | 0.123 | 0.741** | ||||||||||||
甜度Sv | 0.672** |
表5
15项指标的主成分分析结果"
指标 Index | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
单果重 SW | -0.122 | -0.257 | -0.256 | 0.499 | 0.718 |
去皮硬度 FF | 0.266 | 0.649 | 0.357 | -0.326 | 0.126 |
带皮硬度 FFS | 0.410 | 0.479 | 0.394 | -0.417 | 0.178 |
维生素C Vc | 0.589 | 0.429 | 0.188 | 0.185 | -0.138 |
可溶性固形物 TSS | 0.602 | 0.470 | 0.403 | 0.258 | 0.060 |
可溶性糖 SS | 0.583 | 0.366 | 0.406 | 0.185 | 0.181 |
可滴定酸 TA | -0.045 | 0.915 | -0.290 | -0.012 | 0.057 |
山梨醇 Sor | 0.683 | 0.217 | -0.144 | 0.410 | 0.047 |
葡萄糖 Glu | 0.513 | -0.348 | -0.247 | -0.517 | 0.380 |
果糖 Fru | 0.824 | -0.136 | -0.401 | -0.235 | -0.011 |
蔗糖 Sucr | 0.658 | 0.141 | -0.379 | 0.335 | -0.290 |
固酸比 RTT | 0.346 | -0.746 | 0.520 | 0.118 | -0.057 |
糖酸比 RST | 0.318 | -0.780 | 0.500 | 0.078 | 0.008 |
甜度值 Sv | 0.876 | -0.090 | -0.440 | -0.112 | -0.047 |
甜酸比 Sv/Av | 0.645 | -0.734 | -0.059 | -0.098 | -0.069 |
特征值 Characteristic value | 4.547 | 4.011 | 1.898 | 1.309 | 0.862 |
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%) | 30.315 | 26.742 | 12.653 | 8.729 | 5.750 |
累积方差贡献率Cumulative variance contribution rate (%) | 30.315 | 57.057 | 69.710 | 78.439 | 84.189 |
表6
元素重要程度比例标度"
标度 Scale | 定义Definition | 说明Explain |
---|---|---|
1 | 同等重要Equally important | 两元素具有同样重要性Both elements are equally important |
3 | 稍微重要Weakly important | 一个元素比另一个元素稍微重要One element is slightly more important than the other |
5 | 明显重要Obviously important | 一个元素比另一个元素明显重要One element is significantly more important than the other |
7 | 重要的多More important | 一个元素占主导地位One element dominates |
9 | 绝对重要Absolutely important | 一个元素的主导地位占绝对重要地位One element is absolutely dominant |
2,4,6,8 | 介于上述相邻判断之间Somewhere in between | 介于上述重要性之间Somewhere in between |
表8
供试苹果与“理想苹果”主要性状指标平均值"
产地 Origin | 可滴定酸 TA (%) | 去皮硬度 FF (kg?cm-2) | 单果重 SW (g) | 固酸比 RTT | 果糖 Fru (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X0 | 0.50 | 7.37 | 270.00 | 55.00 | 6.43 |
河北 Hebei | 0.29 | 6.55 | 245.64 | 49.01 | 4.97 |
河南 Henan | 0.27 | 6.41 | 243.55 | 55.48 | 6.07 |
辽宁 Liaoning | 0.32 | 6.51 | 234.80 | 45.01 | 4.61 |
宁夏 Ningxia | 0.32 | 7.10 | 244.13 | 46.61 | 5.41 |
山东 Shandong | 0.28 | 6.81 | 254.93 | 50.50 | 5.26 |
山西 Shanxi | 0.28 | 6.86 | 245.29 | 51.89 | 5.09 |
陕西 Shaanxi | 0.32 | 7.29 | 240.42 | 47.86 | 5.91 |
新疆 Xinjiang | 0.30 | 7.37 | 227.90 | 52.23 | 6.43 |
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