不同肥力条件下施肥对粒用高粱产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究土壤肥力、施肥及其互作对高粱产量、品质及养分利用的影响,为不同肥力条件下高粱施肥提供理论依据。【方法】从连续6年长期定位试验的不施肥、氮磷钾配施、氮磷钾结合有机肥和秸秆还田3个处理采集土壤,分别代表低肥力（LSF）、中肥力（MSF）和高肥力（HSF）,每个肥力水平设不施肥（NF）和施肥（CF）2个处理,在温室进行盆栽试验。籽粒成熟后每盆单独收获测产,测定并计算地上部及籽粒的氮磷钾养分含量、土壤氮磷钾养分依存率及氮磷钾肥养分利用效率,分析各处理对籽粒中淀粉、单宁及蛋白质含量的影响。【结果】土壤基础肥力显著影响高粱地上部生物量和籽粒产量,但施肥后LSF、MSF和HSF 3个处理具有相同的生物量和产量。土壤基础肥力对籽粒淀粉含量没有显著影响,不施肥时LSF、MSF及HSF籽粒淀粉含量为67.99%—69.33%;但施肥降低高粱籽粒淀粉含量,随土壤基础肥力的升高,影响更为明显,HSF的CF处理淀粉含量仅为60.75%,比NF处理降低了九个百分点;土壤基础肥力对直链淀粉和支链淀粉比值没有影响。不施肥时LSF籽粒单宁含量最高,达13.69 g·kg ^-1,MSF和HSF的籽粒单宁含量分别为10.67和10.78 g·kg ^-1;施肥降低了LSF和HSF处理籽粒单宁含量,降幅达30%;尽管随土壤基础肥力提升籽粒蛋白质含量增加,但不施肥处理蛋白质含量较低,为50.98—68.54 g·kg ^-1;施肥显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,施肥后LSF、MSF和HSF处理的籽粒蛋白质含量分别为108.13、118.13和117.19 g·kg ^-1。土壤基础肥力显著影响了土壤地力和肥料对籽粒产量贡献率,LSF、MSF和HSF肥力下施肥对产量的贡献率分别为90.2%、51.7%和8.5%。不施肥时随土壤基础肥力提升,籽粒和秸秆中氮磷钾含量增加;与对应土壤基础肥力比较,施肥提高了籽粒和秸秆中氮磷钾养分吸收量,以HSF为例籽粒和秸秆中氮的吸收量分别由319.42和481.63 mg/盆增至597.11和924.92 mg/盆,造成了养分的奢侈吸收,降低了氮磷钾的收获指数,而在LSF和MSF情况下施肥提高了氮磷钾的收获指数。【结论】施肥能使低肥力土壤获得最大产量潜力;土壤基础肥力影响籽粒产量,但对籽粒淀粉、单宁和蛋白质含量的影响远远小于施肥;低肥力不施肥籽粒淀粉和单宁含量最高,高肥力施肥明显降低籽粒淀粉和单宁含量;施肥对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响远大于土壤肥力。施肥提高低土壤肥力植株氮磷钾收获指数,降低了高肥力养分收获指数,低肥力土壤合理施肥能实现籽粒高粱产量和品质的协同提高。

关键词: 高粱, 土壤肥力, 籽粒品质, 养分吸收

Abstract:

【Objective】Responses of sorghum grain yield , quality and NPK utilization to inherent soil fertility, and their interaction were explored to provide theoretical basis for best nutrient management according to soil fertility. 【Method】Pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse. Soil was collected from three treatments of long-term fertilizer application experiment for 6 years, which were without fertilizer, NPK application and NPK application along with animal manure and straw returning to field, respectively. They were termed as low soil fertility (LSF), medium soil fertility (MSF) and high soil fertility (HSF), correspondingly. For each soil fertility, there were two treatments for pot experiment: without fertilizer (NF) and fertilizer application (CF). Plant and grain of sorghum were harvested after maturity. NPK accumulation in plant above ground and grain were calculated according to NPK concentration and biomass of each part of plant. The contents of starch, tannic and protein of grain were determined. 【Result】For LSF, MSF and HSF, a similar biomass and yield were gained if fertilizer was applied. They were significantly affected by inherent soil fertility if fertilizer was withdrawn. Soil fertility did not affect starch content of grain, which was 67.99%-69.33%, if fertilizer was not applied. However, HSF combined with fertilizer application resulted in 60.75% starch content in grain. For all treatments, the highest of tannin content was observed in grain of LSF without fertilizer. Fertilizer application significantly decreased tannin content of grain when sorghum was cultivated with LSF and HSF, only 70% of that was produced by LSF combined with NF. Protein content was promoted with the increase of inherent soil fertility, and was doubled by fertilizer application whatever soil fertility was. When fertilizer was applied, the contributions of soil fertility to yield were 90.25%, 51.75% and 8.5% for LSF, MSF and HSF, respectively. NPK accumulation of both grain and plant aboveground was regulated by inherent soil fertility. Fertilizer enhanced NPK absorption for all soil fertility treatments. For example, N accumulation in grain and plant, induced by fertilizer application, were 1.8 and 1.9 times of those when fertilizer was withdrawn under conditions of HSL. NPK harvest indices were enhanced by fertilizer application if soil fertility was either low or medium; whereas diminished NPK harvest indices were noticed with high soil fertility.【Conclusion】The potential sorghum grain yield can be gained for low soil fertility by means of fertilizer application. Without fertilizer, inherent soil fertility has a significant effect on grain yield. However its impacts on content of starch, tannin and protein can be neglected. Low soil fertility, combined withdrawn fertilizer, promotes starch and tannin accumulation in grain. Fertilizer application has relative more influence on grain protein content than soil fertility does. Fertilizer application diminishes nutrient harvest index and nutrient use efficiency if inherent soil fertility is high.

Key words: sorghum, inherent soil fertility, grain quality, nutrient accumulation

王劲松,董二伟,武爱莲,白文斌,王媛,焦晓燕. 不同肥力条件下施肥对粒用高粱产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(22): 4166-4176.

WANG JinSong,DONG ErWei,WU AiLian,BAI WenBin,WANG Yuan,JIAO XiaoYan. Responses of Fertilization on Sorghum Grain Yield, Quality and Nutrient Utilization to Soil Fertility[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(22): 4166-4176.

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土壤肥力 Soil fertility	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
LSF	7.84±0.70	0.71±0.01	19.44±0.07	3.97±0.23	145.36±1.34
MSF	8.89±1.03	0.95±0.04	33.34±0.12	6.97±0.52	217.72±2.68
HSF	18.48±2.43	1.39±0.01	70.45±0.29	21.23±0.61	357.75±1.16

土壤肥力 Soil fertility	处理 Treatment	总淀粉 Total starch (%)	淀粉组成		单宁 Tannic (g·kg^-1)	蛋白质 Protein (g·kg^-1)
土壤肥力 Soil fertility	处理 Treatment	总淀粉 Total starch (%)	直链淀粉 Amylose (%)	支链淀粉 Amylopectin (%)	单宁 Tannic (g·kg^-1)	蛋白质 Protein (g·kg^-1)
LSF	NF	69.69±0.47a	20.66±0.10a	79.34±0.10a	13.69±0.86a	50.98±2.73d
	CF	67.99±0.53bc	20.83±0.87a	79.17±0.87a	10.53±0.28b	108.13±2.72b
MSF	NF	69.33±0.52ab	20.67±0.50a	79.33±0.50a	10.67±0.69b	51.75±0.86d
	CF	65.50±1.61c	20.89±0.50a	79.11±0.50a	10.07±0.61b	118.13±2.53a
HSF	NF	69.70±0.27a	21.32±0.57a	78.68±0.57a	10.78±0.34b	68.54±1.71c
	CF	60.75±2.13d	22.45±0.84a	77.55±0.84a	7.80±0.42c	117.19±0.54a
土壤肥力Soil fertility (S)		*	NS	NS	**	**
施肥处理Fertilizer (F)		**	NS	NS	**	**
肥力×施肥 S×F		*	NS	NS	NS	**

土壤处理 Treatment soil	处理 Treatment	籽粒吸收量 Accumulation of grain (mg/pot)			地上部吸收量 Total accumulation above ground (mg/pot)			收获指数 Harvest index (%)
土壤处理 Treatment soil	处理 Treatment	N	P	K	N	P	K	N	P	K
LSF	NF	24.20±0.49e	7.13±0.33d	9.33±0.34e	58.28±2.56f	9.54±0.27d	144.06±5.98e	41.76±2.78e	74.90±4.05c	6.48±0.04c
	CF	524.87±12.17b	76.43±5.14b	100.13±4.64c	731.26±70.72c	84.74±5.19b	731.99±24.56c	71.76±0.64a	90.14±1.08a	13.74±1.01a
MSF	NF	123.86±4.37d	33.07±1.42c	51.41±2.24d	207.61±4.08e	40.14±2.20c	455.44±9.36d	59.63±1.01d	82.49±0.97b	11.31±0.70b
	CF	586.47±15.67b	87.45±2.52b	122.07±4.86a	861.91±21.15b	98.88±3.81b	1002.71±14.98b	68.05±0.93b	88.50±0.84ab	12.17±0.30b
HSF	NF	319.42±5.00c	81.76±2.80b	103.91±2.20b	481.63±4.20d	93.89±1.58b	1033.12±28.62b	66.31±0.47b	87.05±2.08ab	10.08±0.48b
	CF	597.11±5.90a	90.04±1.52a	116.60±8.51b	924.92±20.45a	113.15±1.01a	1167.32±15.55a	64.59±0.79bc	79.59±1.48bc	9.97±0.60b
土壤肥力 Soil fertility (S)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	NS	**
施肥处理 Fertilizer (F)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
肥力×施肥 S×F		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**