人工模拟机械开沟穴直播提高早籼稻茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.15.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究机械开沟穴直播对早籼稻茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量的影响,为水稻机械化直播技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。【方法】试验以常规稻中嘉早17和杂交稻株两优171品种为材料,系统比较人工模拟机械开沟穴直播（MFP）、表面穴直播（SBP）与覆土穴直播（SCP）对直播早籼稻出苗率、植株抗倒性能及产量与产量构成的影响。【结果】与表面穴直播和覆土穴直播相比,人工模拟机械开沟穴直播可提高早籼稻供试品种的出苗率,增幅为5.19%—13.89%,且与表面穴直播处理差异显著（P<0.05）。同时,人工模拟机械开沟穴直播有利于提高直播水稻品种产量,两品种增产幅度为4.52%—11.20%;从产量构成因素分析,产量的提高主要得益于单位面积有效穗数、千粒重提高。此外,人工模拟机械开沟穴直播有利于提高供试品种植株抗折力,降低植株倒伏指数,尤其是第3节间;有利于增加株高、重心高度与第3节间（I3）茎壁厚度和节间粗度,提高不同节间的单位长度节间干重、单位体积节间干重以及木质素含量。大部分节间的节间干重与抗折力有显著的正相关,而与倒伏指数为显著的负相关。节间干重与单位长度节间干重是影响植株倒伏的主要因素,而株高、重心高度、节间长度和节间粗度并不能同时影响植株抗倒伏能力与倒伏指数,木质素与各节间抗折力有显著或极显著正相关。【结论】人工模拟机械开沟穴直播不仅有利于提高直播早籼稻产量,还显著提高植株抗倒伏能力,降低倒伏风险,可在生产中推广使用。

关键词: 农业机械化, 穴直播, 早籼稻, 出苗, 抗倒伏特性, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of hill-drop drilling mechanical technology with furrowing on the yield-related traits and lodging resistance of early season indica rice, which provided theoretical basis and technical support for the mechanical direct-seeding technology. 【Method】Two indica rice varieties, including inbred rice Zhongjiazao17 and hybrid rice Zhuliangyou171, with three treatments (hill-drop drilling mechanical technology with furrowing (MFP), surface bunch planting (SBP) and soil covering bunch planting (SCP)) were used to compare the effects on seedling emergence rate, yield-related traits and lodging resistance of rice. 【Result】The results showed that compared with SBP and SCP, MFP increased seedling emergence rate of early season indica rice by 5.19% to 13.89%, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). At the same time, MFP was conducive to improving yield of direct seeding rice. Yield increase rate of the two varieties was ranged from 4.52% to 11.20%, and yield of inbred rice Zhongjiazao17 was significantly different to the others. From the analysis of yield components, the increase in yield was mainly due to the synergistic improvement of effective panicles per unit area and 1000-grain weight. In addition, MFP was beneficial to improve resistance of plant and reduce lodging index, especially the upper internode, and it was beneficial to increase height, gravity center height, culm wall thickness and internode diameter of upper internode (I3), and increase dry weight per unit length of internode, dry weight per unit volume of internode and lignin. There was positive correlation between internode dry weight and breaking resistance, and negative correlation with lodging index. Therefore, dry weight, and dry weight per unit length of internode were the main factors for affecting lodging. Plant height, gravity center height, internode length and internode diameter could not both affect lodging resistance and lodging index. 【Conclusion】 MFP could improve the grain yield of direct seeding early indica rice, and also enhance plant lodging resistance, decrease lodging risk. It could be popularized in the production.

Key words: agricultural mechanization, hill-drop drilling, early season indica rice, seedling emergence, lodging resistance character, yield

易艳红,王文霞,曾勇军,谭雪明,吴自明,陈雄飞,潘晓华,石庆华,曾研华. 人工模拟机械开沟穴直播提高早籼稻茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(15): 2729-2742.

YI YanHong,WANG WenXia,ZENG YongJun,TAN XueMing,WU ZiMing,CHEN XiongFei,PAN XiaoHua,SHI QingHua,ZENG YanHua. Artificial Simulation of Hill-Drop Drilling Mechanical Technology to Improve Yield and Lodging Resistance of Early Season Indica Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(15): 2729-2742.

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不同播种方式对节间干重、单位长度节间干重、单位体积节间干重的影响"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	节间干重 DWI (g)			单位长度节间干重 DLI (mg·cm^-1)			单位体积节间干重 DVI (mg·cm^-3)
年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3
2017	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	0.256±0.041a	0.390±0.060a	0.480±0.018a	72.2±1.8a	39.2±3.6a	28.3±1.5a	265±21a	215±13a	226±13a
		SBP	0.151±0.016b	0.370±0.040a	0.336±0.021b	65.9±5.6ab	39.1±2.2a	19.7±5.0b	238±9b	212±5a	185±5b
		SCP	0.191±0.069ab	0.319±0.023b	0.347±0.033ab	54.7±9.2b	30.8±1.4b	20.6±3.6b	203±2c	185±8b	173±3b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	0.209±0.024a	0.361±0.062a	0.517±0.043a	25.9±2.8a	26.9±6.5a	22.6±1.3a	122±14a	166±15a	173±10a
		SBP	0.159±0.031b	0.348±0.046a	0.328±0.027c	21.4±5.0a	26±4.5a	16.4±0.8b	98±13b	158±5a	151±8b
		SCP	0.189±0.024a	0.352±0.050a	0.412±0.025b	22.8±1.9a	26.4±2.2a	19.2±4.2a	109±6ab	154±9a	157±9b
2018	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	0.247±0.021a	0.426±0.013a	0.473±0.024a	82.2±6.9a	35.9±1.1a	25.3±1.3a	295±25b	155±5a	124±6a
		SBP	0.208±0.011b	0.363±0.047b	0.365±0.035b	72.3±3.8a	34.4±4.5a	20.4±1.9b	274±14a	158±21a	122±11a
		SCP	0.186±0.017b	0.407±0.020a	0.373±0.045b	77.4±7.0a	35.2±1.8a	19.9±2.4b	275±25a	154±9a	109±13b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	0.213±0.015a	0.403±0.023a	0.457±0.006a	31.3±2.2a	30.8±1.7a	22.6±0.3a	131±9a	145±9a	149±2a
		SBP	0.223±0.006a	0.343±0.038b	0.350±0.017c	29.1±1.7a	27.1±3.0b	17.1±0.8c	119±3b	135±14a	143±7a
		SCP	0.200±0.010b	0.367±0.025ab	0.397±0.035b	27.1±1.4a	29.6±2.0ab	20.2±1.8b	113±5b	135±9a	140±12b
F Value		T	8.8**	3.1	64.1**	7.9**	1.7	25.9**	12.4**	4.5*	21.3**
		V	0.4	1.3	1.8	783.2**	50.45**	2.0	876.6**	70.7**	1.8
		Y	4.2	4.0	0.1	35.0**	0.7	4.2	35.6**	86.8**	234.4**
		T×V	2.9	0.2	2.4	1.9	1.9	3.7*	2.5	1.1	4.3*
		T×Y	0.5	0.1	2.6	5.2*	2.6	0.8	13.2**	13.9**	98.0**
		V×Y	4.3*	1.6	2.8	1.7	2.2	2.3	1.2	1.7	7.5**
		T×V×Y	0.0	0.7	0.5	3.4	1.2	0.4	3.0	1.0	2.2

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle (m²)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle	结实率 Filled grain rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield ( kg·hm^-2 )
2017	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	297.4a	121.8a	81.2b	27.8a	6883.1a
		SBP	276.9b	117.2a	85.8a	27.5a	6571.5b
		SCP	270.8b	115.4a	85.7a	27.0a	6447.8c
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	340.5a	112.1a	84.2a	26.1a	7133.3a
		SBP	332.6ab	101.3b	85.2a	26.0a	6471.2b
		SCP	330.7b	97.7b	84.5a	25.4a	6415.0b
2018	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	300.0a	114.4a	92.5a	28.3a	7742.4a
		SBP	279.2ab	112.4a	93.5a	27.2b	7368.5b
		SCP	270.8b	113.5a	94.3a	26.3b	77407.9b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	330.8a	108.7a	94.6a	27.2a	7850.7a
		SBP	313.1a	108.3a	90.4a	26.4b	7395.1b
		SCP	301.4a	107.6a	92.1a	25.9b	7369.1 b
F Value		T	5.7**	1.4	0.3	24.0**	29.7**
		V	57.5**	11.49**	0.54	59.2**	0.2
		Y	3.3	0.0	133.3**	0.5	226.5**
		T×V	0.4	0.2	2.9	0.8	1.9
		T×Y	0.4	1.0	2.1	6.1**	0.8
		V×Y	4.3^*	2.5	0.6	2.0	0.0
		T×V×Y	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.8

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	株高 PH (cm)	重心高度GCH (cm)	节间长度 INL (cm)			节间粗度 IND (mm)			茎壁厚度 CWT (mm)
年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	株高 PH (cm)	重心高度GCH (cm)	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3
2017	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	90.5a	37.5a	3.6a	10.2a	17.0a	5.9a	4.8a	4.2a	2.9a	2.6a	2.5a
		SBP	88.8ab	36.8a	2.3ab	7.5b	17.9 a	6.0a	4.9a	3.7b	2.3b	2.0b	1.8b
		SCP	85.7b	35.0b	2.8b	10.4a	17.3a	5.9a	4.8a	4.1a	2.7a	2.5a	1.9b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	98.4a	40.5a	8.1ab	13.5a	19.6ab	5.2a	4.6a	4.5a	2.1b	2.2a	2.2a
		SBP	97.5b	40.4b	7.5b	13.5a	20.2a	5.3a	4.6a	3.7b	2.8a	1.7b	1.3c
		SCP	93.8c	37.6c	8.3a	13.2a	17.2b	5.3a	4.8a	4.4a	2.0b	2.7a	1.8ab
2018	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	95.3b	45.7b	3.0a	11.9a	18.7a	6.0a	5.5a	5.2a	2.8a	2.4a	2.3a
		SBP	94.0b	47.0a	2.9a	10.6b	17.9a	5.9a	5.4a	4.5b	2.3c	2.1b	1.9b
		SCP	96.8a	45.4b	2.4a	11.5a	18.7a	6.1a	5.5a	4.9a	2.5b	2.2a	2.1b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	97.2a	44.5b	6.9a	13.2a	20.2a	5.5a	5.2a	4.4a	2.4b	2.6a	2.2a
		SBP	94.6b	46.1a	7.8a	12.7a	20.5a	5.6a	5.1a	4.1b	2.7a	2.4a	1.4b
		SCP	95.4b	44.1b	7.4a	12.4a	19.7a	5.6a	5.3a	4.4a	2.4b	2.6a	1.8ab
F Value		T	7.0**	18.4**	2.1	0.5	0.8	0.1	0.2	9.9**	1.3	0.3	6.9**
		V	28.0**	14.7**	419.6**	92.5**	6.8*	17.4**	2.0	3.0	14.0**	3.4	2.8
		Y	12.3**	588.2**	2.3	1.7	2.3	4.7*	15.1**	19.9**	0.5	0.7	0.1
		T×V	0.0	0.6	0.3	1.7	0.7	0.2	0.1	0.1	2.3	11.3**	11.3**
		T×Y	0.1	8.2**	2.4	0.3	0.5	0.6	0.1	0.9	0.1	2.0	1.2
		V×Y	23.4**	56.6**	0.1	15.0**	0.0	2.1	0.1	16.0**	12.2**	2.2	3.2
		T×V×Y	0.1	0.5	0.1	2.1	0.3	0.5	0.0	0.9	1.0	5.4*	13.6**

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	I1	I2	I3
2017	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	27.4a	20.1a	15.2a
		SBP	24.4b	19.6a	10.5c
		SCP	25.4b	17.7a	12.2b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	26.1a	19.9a	11.3a
		SBP	24.6a	19.1a	10.9b
		SCP	22.9a	18.7a	9.1b
2018	中嘉早17 ZJZ17	MFP	30.2a	19.7a	13.9a
		SBP	26.6b	18.8a	10.7c
		SCP	27.7b	18.3a	11.5b
	株两优171 ZLY171	MFP	28.2a	19.4a	12.7a
		SBP	25.2b	18.2a	11.3b
		SCP	26.5b	17.6a	10.9b
F Value		T	6.5**	4.2*	42.4**
		V	4.1	0.3	27.1**
		Y	11.6**	1.23	1.8
		T×V	0.3	0.2	13.9**
		T×Y	0.1	0.7	14.5**
		V×Y	0.4	0.9	0.3
		T×V×Y	0.4	0.8	2.7

指标 Index	抗折力Breaking resistance			倒伏指数Lodging index
指标 Index	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3
株高PH	0.156	0.169	-0.123	0.001	0.037	-0.063
重心高度GCH	0.471**	-0.103	0.048	-0.142	0.211	-0.093
节间长度INL	-0.275	0.097	-0.015	-0.284	0.034	-0.204
节间粗度IND	0.423*	-0.091	0.168	0.022	0.152	-0.123
茎壁厚度CWT	0.432**	0.311	0.301	-0.144	-0.082	-0.143
节间干重DWI	0.443**	0.377**	0.496**	-0.418**	0.041	-0.439**
单位长度节间干重DLI	0.445**	0.240	0.424**	0.214	0.065	-0.257
单位体积节间干重DVI	0.419*	0.234	0.263	0.193	-0.059	-0.240

指标 Index	抗折力Breaking resistance			倒伏指数Lodging index
指标 Index	I1	I2	I3	I1	I2	I3
木质素Lignin	0.571*	0.538*	0.801**	-0.207	-0.263	-0.069