不同种植年限设施菜地土壤微生物量和群落结构的差异

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.18.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究不同种植年限设施菜地土壤微生物量和群落多样性变化规律，探索高度集约利用下土壤质量退化的根本原因和机理，为设施菜地土壤可持续利用提供理论参考。【方法】采集江苏省常熟市由稻麦轮作农田转变为设施菜地种植3 a、6 a和10 a等3个不同年限0—20 cm表层土壤，以周围种植水稻/小麦的农田土壤作为参照，分别测定土壤理化性质、微生物量和微生物群落多样性等指标。【结果】由稻麦轮作农田转变为设施菜地种植3 a的土壤微生物活性较强，养分含量较高；种植6 a后微生物活性明显降低，速效养分含量积累。种植年限从3 a到10 a，速效氮含量升高66.1%，速效磷含量升高97.2%。种植3 a以内pH接近中性，而种植6 a以上pH降低至酸性。土壤微生物量碳和微生物商在种植3 a均最高，种植6 a和10 a后显著降低。微生物群落的碳源利用指纹（BIOLOG）分析表明，种植3 a平均吸光值（AWCD）和微生物多样性指数（Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh）均最大，对碳源的利用能力最强，种植6 a和10 a明显降低，其中AWCD和Shannon指数分别比种植3 a降低了96.1%、15.4%和89.7%、17.6%。磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析表明，种植3 a PLFA总量及细菌、真菌、放线菌PLFA含量均最大，而种植6 a和10 a以上指标均明显降低，其中，种植10 a土壤的PLFA总量及细菌、真菌、放线菌PLFA含量分别比种植3 a降低27.4%、21.8%、42.7%、49.4%（P＜0.05）。【结论】随着设施菜地种植年限增加，土壤微生物量和群落结构发生了明显变化，设施菜地种植3 a土壤微生物活性和群落结构稳定性明显增强，而种植6 a以上土壤微生物活性和群落结构稳定性明显降低，土壤生物质量显著退化。

关键词: 土壤养分, 微生物量, 微生物商, 微生物群落结构

Abstract: 【Objective】 This paper mainly studied the changes in soil microbial biomass and community structure with cultivation chronosequence of greenhouse vegetables, and explored the reason and mechanism of soil degradation under highly-intensified land use. The results would provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for soil quality maintenance and sustainable utilization of farmland. 【Method】 In this study, 0-20 cm soils were collected in 3 a, 6 a and 10 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation converted from rice-wheat rotation farmland in Changshu city, Jiangsu Province, with the adjacent rice-wheat rotation farmland as control. Soil nutrients, microbial biomass and microbial community diversity were measured. 【Result】 Soil in 3 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation converted from rice-wheat rotation farmland had rich microbial diversity and high nutrient contents. While soil in 6 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation showed significant acidification and microbial diversity decrease and nutrient accumulation. From 3 a to 10 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation, the available nitrogen increased by 66.1% and the available phosphorus increased by 97.2%. Soil pH in 3 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation was neutral, while that in 6 a cultivation was significantly to be acidic. Soil microbial biomass C and microbial quotient in 3 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation were higher than those in 6 a and 10 a cultivation. BIOLOG analysis showed that AWCD value and microbial diversity index in the soil of 3 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation were the highest among all treatments, which means the maximum absorption and utilization for carbon sources. PLFA analysis showed that soil in 3 a greenhouse vegetable cultivation had highest total PLFA concentrations in microorganisms and bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, while those in 10 a cultivation significantly decreased by 27.4%, 21.8%, 42.7%, and 49.4% (P＜0.05), respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the diversity of microbial community structure had changed significantly.【Conclusion】The soil microbial properties changed significantly with cultivation years of greenhouse vegetable. In a 3 a of greenhouse vegetable cultivation, high amount of fertilizer application would increase soil microbial biomass and community diversity. In case it extended to 6 a cultivation soil pH and microbial diversity obviously decreased and soil biological quality degraded significantly. The rational application of fertilizer should be emphasized to prevent soil degradation.

Key words: soil nutrient, microbial biomass, microbial quotient, microbial community structure

宋蒙亚，李忠佩，吴萌，刘明，江春玉. 不同种植年限设施菜地土壤微生物量和群落结构的差异[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(18): 3635-3644.

SONG Meng-ya, LI Zhong-pei, WU Meng, LIU Ming, JIANG Chun-yu. Changes in Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Structure with Cultivation Chronosequence of Greenhouse Vegetables[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(18): 3635-3644.

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