我国葡萄主产区的土壤养分丰缺状况

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】目前我国葡萄园土壤养分研究滞后和缺乏科学的施肥指导,逐渐成为制约葡萄产业可持续发展的焦点问题。本研究旨在明确我国葡萄主产区土壤速效养分的丰缺状况并提出合理施肥建议,从而促进我国葡萄产业的健康可持续发展。【方法】2018年在我国的葡萄五大主产区（东北冷凉气候产区、华北及环渤海湾产区、秦岭-淮河以南亚热带产区、西北及黄土高原产区、云贵高原及川西高海拔产区）共采集了1 100份土壤样品,分别测定土壤pH,有机质及速效大、中、微量元素含量,并运用ArcGIS软件绘图,明确我国葡萄主产区土壤养分丰缺状况及其空间分布特征。【结果】我国葡萄主产区土壤pH范围为2.9—9.6,中性土壤在全国占比仅为11.7%;有机质平均含量仅为11.42 g·kg^-1（缺乏）,有机质缺乏的土壤占比78.8%;大、中、微量元素平均含量分别为速效氮77.8 mg·kg^-1（中等）、有效磷97.2 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效钾214.7 mg·kg^-1（中等）、有效钙1 670.8 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效镁299.0 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效硫72.5 mg·kg^-1（极丰富）、有效铁83.9 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效铜5.8 mg·kg^-1（极丰富）、有效锰16.1 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效锌6.5 mg·kg^-1（丰富）、有效硼2.86 mg·kg^-1（丰富）。【结论】我国葡萄主产区适宜葡萄生长的中性土壤较少,面积占比仅为11.7%,有机质含量为11.42 g·kg^-1,有机质处于缺乏水平的土壤面积占比为78.8%;速效氮（77.8 mg·kg^-1）、有效钾（214.7 mg·kg^-1）含量偏低,有效磷（97.2 mg·kg^-1）含量偏高;中量元素有效钙、镁、硫含量处于丰富水平,但不同地区之间钙、镁含量差异较大;微量元素有效铜（5.8 mg·kg^-1）含量极为丰富,铁、锰、锌、硼含量均处于丰富水平,但部分区域仍存在养分缺乏的现象。各主产区可依据土壤养分丰缺状况进行区域性配方施肥,合理补充大、中、微量元素。

关键词: 中国, 葡萄主产区, 土壤养分, 丰缺状况, 施肥建议, ArcGIS

Abstract:

【Objective】The lagged soil fertility research and lacked scientific fertilization instruction in vineyards have gradually become the focus of restricting the sustainable development of the grape industry in China. Soil fertility status was investigated to formulate a suitable fertilization strategy so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of grape industry in China. 【Method】1 100 soil samples were collected from the vineyards located in the five main grape producing areas in China (Northeast cold climate producing areas, North China and Bohai Bay producing areas, Qinling-Huaihe River subtropical producing areas, Northwest and Loess Plateau producing areas, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Western Sichuan high altitude producing areas) respectively in 2018, and measured soil pH, organic matter, and available macro, medium and microelements content respectively. The status of soil fertility and its spatial distribution characteristics in the main grape producing areas of China were maped out by ArcGIS. 【Result】It showed that pH value range of soil in the main grape producing areas was 2.9-9.6, neutral soil was only 11.7% in selected soil samples in main grape producing areas of China; The average content of soil organic matter were 11.42 g·kg^-1 (deficient), and the proportion of soil with organic matter deficiency was 78.8%; The average contents of the nutrients were available N 77.8 mg·kg^-1 (medium), available P 97.2 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available K 214.7 mg·kg^-1 (medium), available Ca 1 670.8 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available Mg 299.0 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available S 72.5 mg·kg^-1 (extremely rich), available Fe 83.9 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available Cu 5.8 mg·kg^-1 (extremely rich), available Mn 16.1 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available Zn 6.5 mg·kg^-1 (rich), available B 2.86 mg·kg^-1 (rich). 【Conclusion】There was small proportion of soil with neutral pH value, which was suitable for grape growth in the main grape producing areas of China, and the area ratio is only 11.7%. Organic matter content is 11.42 g·kg^-1, and 78.8% of soil area with organic matter was at a deficient level. The content of available N (77.8 mg·kg^-1) and available K (214.7 mg·kg^-1) was insufficient, but the content of available P (97.2 mg·kg^-1) was at a very rich level. The content of available Ca, available Mg and available S was at a rich level, however, the content of available Ca and available Mg varies greatly between different regions. The micro element of available Cu (5.8 mg·kg^-1) was at a extremely rich level, the content of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and B was at rich level, but nutrient deficiencies still exist in some areas. Regional formula fertilization can be carried out according to the status of soil nutrients, so as to make reasonable supplement of macro, medium and micro elements.

Key words: China, main grape producing area, soil available nutrients, status of soil fertility, fertilization recommendation, ArcGIS

李宝鑫,杨俐苹,卢艳丽,师校欣,杜国强. 我国葡萄主产区的土壤养分丰缺状况[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(17): 3553-3566.

LI BaoXin,YANG LiPing,LU YanLi,SHI XiaoXin,DU GuoQiang. Status of Soil Fertility in Main Grape Producing Areas of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(17): 3553-3566.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.012

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2020/V53/I17/3553

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

我国葡萄主产区土壤养分含量"

产区 The production areas		pH	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)		速效氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)		有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)		有效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)		有效钙 Available Ca (mg·kg^-1)		有效镁 Available Mg (mg·kg^-1)
东北冷凉气候产区 Northeast cold climate producing areas	平均值 Mean	6.6±0.16	20.18±1.61		83.6±20.41		49.1±20.41		171.5±32.20		2019.3±104.49		282.3±28.22
	最大值 Max	9.2	71.13		914.5		210.9		1659.1		4399.9		1440.7
	最小值 Min	4.0	3.12		1.4		3.0		40.2		89.2		2.1
	标准差 SD	1.42	15.04		185.91		48.91		293.35		951.95		257.13
华北及环渤海湾产区 North China and Bohai Bay producing areas	平均值 Mean	6.9±0.10	9.09±0.32		70.5±4.93		151.5±4.93		244.4±13.74		1671.3±54.70		310.8±15.76
	最大值 Max	9.2	28.29		625.9		730.7		1665.2		7663.5		1188.4
	最小值 Min	3.5	2.04		1.2		6.7		30.6		159.2		3.6
	标准差 SD	1.59	4.36		75.56		135.29		210.61		838.59		241.59
秦岭-淮河以南亚热带产区 Qinling-Huaihe subtropical producing areas	平均值 Mean	6.9±0.01	9.71±0.19		109.1±7.20		107.5±7.20		213.1±10.03		1963.7±45.60		271.7±8.89
	最大值 Max	9.2	37.22		997.0		1962.8		1692.7		6747.3		1261.2
	最小值 Min	2.9	1.63		5.1		2.3		24.4		194.4		8.2
	标准差 SD	1.46	4.07		139.55		206.60		194.48		884.27		172.31
西北及黄土高原产区 Northwest and Loess Plateau producing areas	平均值 Mean	8.4±0.09	7.39±0.32		44.1±4.16		71.6±4.16		218.4±8.98		1512.5±69.13		266.1±8.72
	最大值 Max	9.6	23.84		561.3		526.0		1944.4		15818.3		904.1
	最小值 Min	4.9	1.03		0.0		0.7		48.7		264.4		57.6
	标准差 SD	0.78	5.01		69.04		57.29		148.98		1146.38		144.55
云贵高原及川西高海拔产区 Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Western Sichuan high altitude producing areas	平均值 Mean	5.9±0.04	21.81±0.64		103.4±11.04		70.3±11.04		181.4±9.89		1537.8±76.87		221.0±13.08
	最大值 Max	8.3	44.86		799.5		533.9		752.3		6102.8		713.0
	最小值 Min	3.7	6.88		6.4		2.0		32.3		213.6		26.3
	标准差 SD	1.1	6.32		126.32		72.89		113.17		879.86		149.73
总计 Total	平均值 Mean	7.2±0.04	11.42±0.26		77.8±3.59		97.2±3.59		214.7±5.80		1670.8±29.34		299.0±5.87
	最大值 Max	9.6	71.13		997.0		1962.8		1944.4		15818.3		1440.7
	最小值 Min	2.9	1.03		0.0		0.7		24.4		89.2		2.1
	标准差 SD	1.50	7.61		119.0		147.14		192.31		973.0		194.66
东北冷凉气候产区 Northeast cold climate producing areas	平均值 Mean	38.1±9.78		64.2±5.71		8.7±0.74		22.2±2.40		5.9±1.94		2.17±0.51
	最大值 Max	598.6		276.8		36.2		162.1		152.8		25.55
	最小值 Min	0.0		1.9		0.1		1.7		1.1		0.09
	标准差 SD	89.13		52.01		6.75		21.88		17.65		4.66
华北及环渤海湾产区 North China and Bohai Bay producing areas	平均值 Mean	46.3±2.66		77.7±5.02		11.2±0.58		19.0±1.15		9.9±1.15		2.25±0.12
	最大值 Max	210.6		374.1		48.5		134.2		191.9		14.17
	最小值 Min	1.2		1.6		0.3		1.9		0.4		0.18
	标准差 SD	40.74		76.90		8.85		17.65		17.58		1.82
秦岭-淮河以南亚热带产区 Qinling-Huaihe subtropical producing areas	平均值 Mean	67.2±3.22		103.6±5.33		6.3±0.27		19.8±0.96		8.8±0.54		3.70±0.25
	最大值 Max	501.5		633.6		48.7		185.7		77.6		49.10
	最小值 Min	0.0		4.3		0.2		0.8		0.0		0.00
	标准差 SD	62.44		103.42		5.28		18.63		10.38		4.89
西北及黄土高原产区 Northwest and Loess Plateau producing areas	平均值 Mean	87.9±6.10		21.1±1.59		1.7±0.11		10.9±0.42		1.9±0.12		2.62±0.23
	最大值 Max	918.9		185.3		12.7		82.9		15.3		36.65
	最小值 Min	0.0		2.2		0.1		0.1		0.2		0.00
	标准差 SD	101.12		26.38		1.81		7.00		2.03		3.77
云贵高原及川西高海拔产区 Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Western Sichuan high altitude production areas	平均值 Mean	87.4±11.59		173.3±9.58		5.2±0.27		16.2±1.43		7.4±1.43		3.04±1.43
	最大值 Max	1334.0		460.6		19.1		95.6		95.6		95.56
	最小值 Min	9.8		24.4		0.3		2.6		2.6		1.76
	标准差 SD	132.62		109.65		3.14		16.31		16.34		16.36
总计 Total	平均值 Mean	72.5±2.53		83.9±2.82		5.8±0.20		16.1±0.51		6.5±0.40		2.86±0.25
	最大值 Max	1334.0		633.6		48.7		185.7		191.9		95.56
	最小值 Min	0.0		1.6		0.1		0.1		0.0		0.00
	标准差 SD	83.78		93.46		6.50		16.75		13.35		8.23

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

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养分 Nutrient	极缺 Serious deficient	缺乏 Deficient	中等 Medium	丰富 Rich	很丰富 Very rich	极丰富 Extremely rich
有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	0-10.00	10.00-15.00	15.00-20.00	20.00-25.00	25.00-30.00	>30.00
速效氮Available N (mg·kg^-1)	0-20.0	20.0-50.0	50.0-100.0	100.0-150.0	150.0-200.0	>200.0
有效磷Available P (mg·kg^-1)	0-15.0	15.0-25.0	25.0-45.0	45.0-70.0	70.0-150.0	>150.0
有效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	0-60.0	60.0-120.0	120.0-240.0	240.0-400.0	400.0-600.0	>600.0
有效钙Available Ca (mg·kg^-1)	0-200.0	200.0-400.0	400.0-1200.0	1200.0-3600.0	3600.0-4800.0	>4800.0
有效镁Available Mg (mg·kg^-1)	0-60.0	60.0-120.0	120.0-250.0	250.0-750.0	750.0-1460.0	>1460.0
有效硫Available S (mg·kg^-1)	0-7.0	7.0-13.0	13.0-25.0	25.0-40.0	40.0-60.0	>60.0
有效铁Available Fe (mg·kg^-1)	0-5.0	5.0-10.0	10.0-30.0	30.0-150.0	150.0-300.0	>300.0
有效铜Available Cu (mg·kg^-1)	0-1.0	1.0-2.0	2.0-3.0	3.0-4.0	4.0-5.0	>5.0
有效锰Available Mn (mg·kg^-1)	0-2.5	2.5-5.0	5.0-15.0	15.0-30.0	30.0-150.0	>150.0
有效锌Available Zn (mg·kg^-1)	0-1.0	1.0-2.0	2.0-3.0	3.0-6.0	6.0-10.0	>10.0
有效硼Available B (mg·kg^-1)	0-0.10	0.10-0.20	0.20-0.60	0.60-3.00	3.00-6.00	>6.00