中国农业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 1942-1954.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.10.007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

气温变化背景下中国黄淮旱地冬小麦农艺性状的变化特征 ——以山西临汾为例

刘新月1,裴磊1,卫云宗1,张正斌2,高辉明2,徐萍2   

  1. 1山西省农业科学院小麦研究所,山西临汾 041000
    2中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心,石家庄 050021
  • 收稿日期:2014-09-27 出版日期:2015-05-16 发布日期:2015-05-16
  • 通讯作者: 张正斌,卫云宗;E-mail:zzb@sjziam.ac.cn,weiyzong@163.com
  • 作者简介:刘新月,E-mail:liu-xinyue@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点基础发展研究计划(“973”计划)(2010CB951501)、国家高技术研究发展计划(“863”计划)(2011AA100501)、山西省农业科学院育种工程(11yzgc054)

Agronomic Traits Variation Analysis of Huanghuai Dryland Winter Wheat under Temperature Change Background in China ——Taking Linfen, Shanxi as an Example

LIU Xin-yue1, PEI Lei1, WEI Yun-zong1, ZHANG Zheng-bin2, GAO Hui-ming2, XU Ping2   

  1. 1Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linfen 041000, Shanxi
    2Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021
  • Received:2014-09-27 Online:2015-05-16 Published:2015-05-16

摘要: 【目的】作物品种选育是在气候变化背景下的自然选择和人工选择的结果。黄淮麦区是中国最大的麦区,在保障中国小麦生产和粮食安全中有重要作用。研究过去30年黄淮旱地冬小麦品种农艺性状和气温要素变化规律,为旱地小麦育种适应未来气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】利用近30年来国家黄淮旱地冬小麦区域试验典型代表临汾点的对照品种农艺性状及该市的气温资料,研究对照品种农艺性状、生育期平均气温和≥0℃积温的变化规律,并进行农艺性状和气象要素的相关、多元回归和通径分析。【结果】小麦生育期的平均气温、≥0℃积温、最低和最高温度在逐年呈缓慢增加。小麦生育期平均气温平均每年上升0.05℃,≥0℃积温平均每年上升21.9℃,且二者呈正相关关系。≥0℃积温变化更能深入反映小麦生育期的温度变化情况。小麦生育期最高气温平均每年上升0.02℃、最低气温平均每年上升0.16℃。播种至越冬前的平均气温和≥0℃积温增加最多,营养生长阶段平均气温和≥0℃积温增加明显,生殖生长阶段平均气温增加较少且≥0℃积温有下降趋势。随着气候变暖,分蘖多的强冬性品种逐渐被分蘖适中的冬性和弱冬性品种替代。1986—1996年对照品种农艺性状变化幅度不大,1997—2007年期间变化较大,2007—2014年变化幅度最大;这和小麦生育期平均气温变化趋势基本相同。黄淮旱地对照品种千粒重和穗粒数逐年缓慢上升,分别每年平均增加1.57%和3.39%。有效穗数和产量及株高缓慢下降,分别每年平均下降0.16%和1.29%。产量与株高(0.684**)、有效穗(0.531**)和千粒重(0.541**)均极显著正相关。株高、起身至拔节期≥0℃积温和平均气温是决定小麦产量的3个主要因子,分别决定了小麦产量的46.73%、26.17和3.26%的变异。在黄淮旱地小麦适应气候变化中,起身至拔节期≥0℃积温和株高对产量贡献较大且为正效应;起身至拔节期平均气温为负效应。【结论】气候变暖对黄淮旱地冬小麦农艺性状变化趋势有较强的影响,选育株高和有效穗数适中、穗粒数较多、千粒重较大的中高产抗旱品种是黄淮旱地小麦适应未来气候变化的育种改良方向。

关键词: 黄淮, 旱地, 冬小麦, 农艺性状, 气候变化

Abstract: 【Objective】Crop variety breeding was result from nature and artificial selection under climate change background. Huanghuai wheat region is the largest wheat region in China, that plays an important role for ensure wheat production and food security in China. The changes of agronomic traits of winter wheat and temperature in Huanghuai dryland in the past 30 years were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis and technological support for dryland wheat breeding to adapt to climate changes in the future. 【Method】 The agronomic traits data of control varieties and temperature data of Linfen in Shanxi province in the past 30 years were analyzed. Linfen is the national representative Huanghuai dryland winter wheat regional test site. The regularity of the main temperature traits of Linfen city, such as the average temperature and over 0 accumulated temperature in winter wheat growth, and agronomic traits of control varieties change trends were analyzed. The relationship between agronomic traits and meteorological elements were also analyzed by correlation, multiple regression and path analysis. 【Result】 The average temperature,over 0 accumulated temperature,the highest and lowest temperature was increased slowly year by year in wheat growth period. In wheat growth period, the average temperature was increased average 0.05 per year, over 0 accumulated temperature was increased average 21.9per year,there was positive relationship between the average temperature and over 0 accumulated temperature. Over 0 accumulated temperature change can reflect temperature change in whole wheat growth period. The highest and lowest temperature was increased 0.02and 0.16per year respectively. The average temperature and over 0 accumulated temperature was increased markedly from sowing to before the winter, the average temperature and over 0 accumulated temperature was increased significantly at vegetative growth stage, but were increased lightly and had a downward trend at reproductive stage. With climate warming, strong winter variety with more tillers was replaced gradually by winter and weak winter variety with moderate tiller. Agronomic traits of control variety were changed not much from 1986 to 1996, and changed greatly from 1997 to 2007, and changed markedly from 2007 to 2014, this change trend consist with temperature change trend in wheat growth period. In evolution of agronomic traits of Huanghuai dryland control varieties, the thousand-kernel-weight and kernels per spike was increased average 1.57% and 3.39% per year respectively, but the effective ear numbers and plant height as well grain yield were decreased average slowly 0.16% and 1.29% per year respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and plant height (0.684**), effective ear number (0.531**) and thousand-seed-weight (0.541**). There were 46.73%, 26.17% and 3.26% variation of grain yield was decided by three main factors such as plant height and over 0 accumulated temperature as well as the average temperature from standing to jointing stage respectively. In Huanghuai dryland wheat high-yield breeding evolution, the over 0 accumulated temperature from standing to jointing stage and plant height had a higher positive effect on grain yield, but the average temperature from standing to jointing stage had a negative effect on grain yield. 【Conclusion】 The climate warming had a strong impact on agronomic traits evolution in Huanghuai dryland winter wheat region, selecting new wheat varieties with agronomic traits of middle plant height, middle effective ears numbers, more kernels per spike, and high grain weight is the improvement direction of middle-high yield and drought-resistant varieties in Huanghuai dryland wheat region for adapting to climate change in the future.

Key words: Huanghuai, dryland, winter wheat, agronomic traits, climate change