中国农业科学

• 植物保护 • 上一篇    下一篇

棉花枯萎病和黄萎病菌生物学及抗病种质的创新与利用研究回顾与展望

简桂良   

  1. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 出版日期:2007-12-31 发布日期:2007-12-31
  • 作者简介:简桂良(1963-),男,福建永定人,研究员,研究方向为土传病害和棉花病害。Tel:010-62815617;E-mail:jianguiliang@yahoo.com.cn
  • 基金资助:
    科技部国家高科技发展计划(“863计划”)“棉花抗黄萎病和枯萎病基因工程研究”(2001AA212031);“六五”以来的国家科技攻关项目“棉花重大病虫害可持续控制技术研究”(2001BA509B05)、“棉花主要病虫害及综合防治技术”课题,96-005-01-04、75-04-01-04、85-010- 01-04

The Biology of Cotton Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts Pathogen and Resistant Cultivars Breeding and Application

JIAN Gui-liang   

  1. Institute of Plant Protection, CAAS, The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insects Pest, Beijing 100094
  • Online:2007-12-31 Published:2007-12-31

摘要: 通过对中国不同棉区的枯萎病的致病力分化研究,发现中国棉花枯萎病菌为尖镰孢萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Snyd.& Hans.)。用国际通用的一套鉴别寄主对中国各地采集的菌系进行研究,发现中国的棉花枯萎病菌致病力与当时国际上已报道的6个小种有所区别。为此,将中国的棉花枯萎病菌分为3个小种,分别为3、7、8号小种,其中7、8号小种是世界上首次报道,7号小种是中国的优势小种,广泛分布于国内的各主产棉区。在温室条件下,对采自北方植棉区落叶和非落叶病株,从中分离、纯化出的109个黄萎菌系和对照落叶型黄萎菌T9、V991,筛选出抗感不同的一套三大棉种的6个鉴别寄主上进行致病性测定,划分出落叶型强致病力菌系、混合型中度致病力菌系和非落叶型弱致病力菌系的3个致病类型。落叶型强致病力菌系为V56、V73等30个,占测试菌系33.7%。建立了可区分棉花枯萎病不同小种和黄萎病落叶型和非落叶型黄萎病菌分子标记体系。获得落叶型菌系VD8菌系基因组的探针PVD8-3和PVD8-5基因探针,对于黄萎病的落叶型菌系的快速准确鉴定具有重要意义。培育出高抗枯黄萎病的棉花品种多个,在病区推广利用,并最早将抗病品种引入新疆病区,对当地有效地控制该病的危害,使其棉花生产可持续发展做出了重要贡献,创造的新增直接经济价值8亿元以上。间接经济价值300亿元以上。该项成果获得2004年中国农业科学院科技进步一等奖和北京市科技进步一等奖。

关键词: 棉花 , 黄萎病 , 枯萎病 , 抗病育种

Abstract: The pathogenicity of Fusarium wilt of cotton in different regions of China was studied. The results showed that pathogen of cotton Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Snyd. & Hans. The pathogenicity of isolates that collected from different regions of China were examined using a series of cultivars host internationally. The results showed that there is difference within Chinese isolates and world races that had reported that time. So we named the Chinese Fusarium wilt pathogen race 3, 7, 8. And the races 7 and 8 were first reported in the world. The race 7 is the main race of all of Chinese cotton plant regions. The pathogenicity of 109 isolates of Verticillium wilt of cotton collected from different regions of China were studied in greenhouse examined by 6 differential host cultivars that belong to 3 differential cotton species . They have obviously pathogenicity differentiation and can be divided into three physiological types: defoliation with strong pathogenicity, mixed symptoms with intermediate pathogenicity, none defoliation with weak pathogenicity. There are 30 isolates causing defoliation, for example, V56, V73 and so on, occupy 33.7% of total examined isolates. The molecular markers were made that they can divide different races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Snyd. & Hans and defoliation isolates and none defoliation isolates of Verticillium dahliae. The gene probes PVD8-3 and PVD8-5 of defoliation isolate VD8 had made. It is very useful for identification to defoliation isolates. Many cultivars were bred that they are highly resistant to Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt of cotton. They used in naturally infested regions and were introduced into Xinjiang infested regions very early. They have made a great crucial role in control the diseases and in cotton sustainable production. The economic value was more than 8 billions yuan and indirect economic value was more than 300 billions yuan. This achievement had won the 1st class Beijing Sciences and Technology Award and the 1st class Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Science and Technology Award in 2004.

Key words: Cotton , Fusarium , Verticillium , Disease resistance breeding