长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (13): 2599-2611.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响

冀建华¹(), 吕真真¹, 刘淑珍³, 侯红乾¹, 刘益仁¹, 刘秀梅¹, 李絮花²(), 蓝贤瑾¹

¹ 江西省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心/农业农村部酸化土改良与利用重点实验室，南昌 330200
² 山东农业大学资源与环境学院/土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室，山东泰安 271018
³ 江西生物科技职业学院，南昌 330200

收稿日期:2023-08-21 接受日期:2023-10-23 出版日期:2024-07-09 发布日期:2024-07-09
通信作者:
李絮花，E-mail：lixh64@163.com
联系方式: 冀建华，E-mail：jron_jijianhua@126.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32160754); 国家自然科学基金(32060725); 国家自然科学基金(32160767); 江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(20223BBF61020)

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers Induces Soil Acidification and Soil Exchangeable Base Cation Loss on Paddy in Southern China

JI JianHua¹(), LÜ ZhenZhen¹, LIU ShuZhen³, HOU HongQian¹, LIU YiRen¹, LIU XiuMei¹, LI XuHua²(), LAN XianJin¹

¹ Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Resource Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement/Key Laboratory of Acidified Soil Amelioration and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanchang 330200
² College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University/ National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Taian 271018, Shandong
³ Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang 330200

Received:2023-08-21 Accepted:2023-10-23 Published:2024-07-09 Online:2024-07-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】利用长期定位试验评估氮、磷、钾化肥配施对土壤酸化程度、交换性铝产生量和盐基离子损失量的影响，为维持土壤健康生产和农田可持续利用提供依据。【方法】采用始于1984年的肥料长期定位试验，选取不施肥（CK），磷钾肥配施（PK）、氮磷肥配施（NP）、氮钾肥配施（NK）和氮磷钾肥配施（NPK）5个处理，采集每个处理的0—10、10—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层土样，分析土壤pH、交换性酸、交换性盐基离子总量、交换性盐基离子累积量、酸碱缓冲容量和酸化速率等指标。【结果】经过连续33年不同施肥处理的定向培育后，CK、PK、NP、NK和NPK处理0—20 cm土层pH较试验前分别下降0.82、0.91、1.13、0.8和1.19个pH单位，导致表层土壤明显酸化，酸化速率分别达到了1.10、1.22、1.46、1.13和1.58 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1。与CK处理相比，NP和NPK处理的0—40 cm土层显著酸化，土壤pH分别下降0.28—0.38和0.35—0.46个单位，土壤交换性酸分别增加了35.5%—110.0%和30.4%—120.5%，特别是交换性铝分别增加56.2%—157.6%和73.7%—189.8%，土壤交换性盐基离子总量分别减少6.3%—14.9%和9.9%—13.2%，盐基饱和度降低2.9—14.9和2.6—15.4个百分点；NK处理的0—20 cm土层略有酸化，土壤交换性酸增加53.5%—55.0%，盐基饱和度降低6.0—7.1个百分点；PK处理的0—60 cm土壤酸化均不明显，土壤交换性酸增加和交换性盐基离子总量减少差异均不显著。【结论】长期施化肥对土壤酸化程度和盐基离子损失量的影响表现出明显差异。其中， NPK和NP长期处理加剧土壤酸化进程，且酸化深度到达40 cm，盐基离子损失量和交换性铝的产生量大幅增加，初步估算施用化肥导致土壤pH降低1个单位，土壤交换性盐基离子的损失量约是土壤交换性酸增加量的一倍左右；长期磷钾配施、氮钾配施对土壤酸化的影响较小，盐基离子损失量和交换性铝增加量相对较少。

关键词: 化肥, 长期定位试验, 稻田, 土壤pH, 土壤酸化, 交换性盐基离子

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on soil acidification, exchangeable aluminum production, and loss of basic ions were assessed, so as to provide the theory basis for maintaining soil health and sustainable development of farmland. 【Method】 The field experiment, established in 1984, was designed to have five treatments, that is, CK (an early rice-late rice rotation without fertilizer), PK (N deficiency), NP (K deficiency), NK (P deficiency), and NPK (balanced chemical fertilizer application), and all the treatments, except CK, were the same rate in N nutrient supply. Soil samples of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm collected for each treatments after late rice harvest in 2016 were used to measure soil pH, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable base cation, accumulation of exchangeable base cation, pH buffer capacity, and acidification rate, etc.【Result】 After 33 years of continuous application of chemical fertilizer, the soil pH under CK, PK, NP, NK and NPK treatments decreased significantly by 0.82, 0.91, 1.13, 0.8 and 1.19 pH units compared with an initial pH of 6.5 in the 0-20 cm soil layers, respectively, which resulted in obvious acidification of cultivated soil, and the acidification rates reached 1.1, 1.22, 1.46, 1.13 and 1.58 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. Different fertilization treatments were different from CK treatment. Compared with CK treatment, the soil pH of the 0-40 cm layer significantly decreased by 0.28-0.38 units under NP treatment and by 0.35-0.46 units under NPK treatment. The exchangeable acidity of the soil increased by 35.5%-110.0% under NP treatment and by 30.4%-120.5% in the NPK treatment, with a significant increase in exchangeable aluminum by 56.2%-157.6% and 73.7%-189.8%, respectively. The total content of exchangeable bases in the soil decreased by 6.3%-14.9% under NP treatment and by 9.9%-13.2% under NPK treatment, resulting in a decrease in base saturation by 2.9-14.9 and 2.6-15.4 percentage points, respectively. The NK treatment slightly acidified the 0-20 cm soil layer, with an increase in exchangeable acidity by 53.5%-55.0% and a decrease in base saturation by 6.0-7.1 percentage points. The PK treatment did not show significant soil acidification in the 0-60 cm layer, and there was no significant difference in the increase of exchangeable acidity and the decrease of exchangeable bases. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of fertilizers showed significant differences in the degree of soil acidification and loss of basic ions. Among them, the long-term application of NPK and NP fertilizers intensifies the soil acidification process, with acidification depth reaching 40 cm, and there was a substantial increase in the loss of basic ions and the production of exchangeable aluminum. Preliminary estimation showed that the application of fertilizer could lower the soil pH by one unit, and the loss of exchangeable base in soil was approximately twice the increase in exchangeable acid. Long-term application of PK and NK fertilizers had a relatively smaller impact on soil acidification, with less increase in the loss of basic ions and exchangeable aluminum.

Key words: chemical fertilizer, long-term located fertilization, paddy, soil pH, soil acidification, exchangeable base cation

冀建华, 吕真真, 刘淑珍, 侯红乾, 刘益仁, 刘秀梅, 李絮花, 蓝贤瑾. 长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(13): 2599-2611.

JI JianHua, LÜ ZhenZhen, LIU ShuZhen, HOU HongQian, LIU YiRen, LIU XiuMei, LI XuHua, LAN XianJin. Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers Induces Soil Acidification and Soil Exchangeable Base Cation Loss on Paddy in Southern China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(13): 2599-2611.

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图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

长期施化肥处理下土壤剖面交换性盐基离子、CEC和盐基饱和度"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	交换性Ca²⁺ Exchangeable Ca²⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性Mg²⁺ Exchangeable Mg²⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性K⁺ Exchangeable K⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性Na⁺ Exchangeable Na⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性盐基离子总量 Exchangeable base cations (cmol·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol·kg^-1)	盐基饱和度 Base saturation (%)
0—10	CK	4.53±0.14a	0.34±0.060a	0.14±0.028c	0.081±0.018a	5.08±0.04a	5.94±0.16a	85.59±1.96a
	PK	4.39±0.20a	0.24±0.073bc	0.39±0.055a	0.067±0.006b	5.08±0.14a	6.10±0.21a	83.39±0.85a
	NP	3.98±0.14b	0.15±0.046c	0.13±0.014c	0.064±0.004b	4.33±0.19b	6.13±0.46a	70.74±3.64c
	NK	4.20±0.30ab	0.26±0.065ab	0.35±0.017a	0.081±0.005a	4.89±0.35a	6.22±0.19a	78.53±3.27b
	NPK	3.93±0.17b	0.15±0.056c	0.26±0.023b	0.073±0.010ab	4.41±0.18b	6.31±0.51a	70.15±2.96c
10—20	CK	5.11±0.37a	0.40±0.048a	0.11±0.019b	0.074±0.016a	5.69±0.39a	6.54±0.33a	87.06±2.90a
	PK	5.13±0.44a	0.32±0.034a	0.22±0.037a	0.089±0.017a	5.76±0.43a	6.75±0.37a	85.25±1.69ab
	NP	4.97±0.13ab	0.20±0.056b	0.11±0.008b	0.056±0.013b	5.34±0.16ab	6.88±0.13a	77.51±2.12cd
	NK	4.94±0.36ab	0.31±0.033a	0.21±0.019a	0.082±0.006a	5.55±0.40ab	6.84±0.41a	81.05±2.64bc
	NPK	4.60±0.28b	0.19±0.068b	0.17±0.033a	0.081±0.020a	5.04±0.21b	6.94±0.54a	72.84±5.12d
20—40	CK	6.11±0.25a	0.65±0.120a	0.09±0.019d	0.063±0.018a	6.91±0.15a	7.37±0.24a	93.78±1.18a
	PK	5.91±0.65a	0.46±0.093b	0.26±0.027a	0.060±0.014a	6.69±0.54ab	7.08±0.61a	94.46±0.58a
	NP	5.78±0.49a	0.28±0.069c	0.10±0.005d	0.037±0.007b	6.19±0.42b	6.82±0.35a	90.81±1.74b
	NK	5.89±0.40a	0.51±0.134b	0.17±0.022b	0.069±0.003a	6.64±0.42ab	7.19±0.35a	92.27±1.82ab
	NPK	5.73±0.18a	0.31±0.081c	0.14±0.027c	0.058±0.014a	6.23±0.12b	6.83±0.12a	91.21±0.74b
40—60	CK	6.23±1.07a	1.00±0.133a	0.09±0.011b	0.081±0.002a	7.40±0.99a	7.79±0.99a	94.97±0.68a
	PK	6.24±0.65a	0.89±0.178a	0.16±0.015a	0.076±0.015ab	7.36±0.55a	7.73±0.58a	95.22±0.54a
	NP	6.11±0.72a	0.72±0.211b	0.10±0.011b	0.057±0.003b	7.00±0.55a	7.46±0.55a	93.74±0.63b
	NK	5.98±0.96a	0.94±0.231a	0.14±0.002a	0.092±0.014a	7.14±0.86a	7.61±0.85a	93.80±0.88b
	NPK	6.50±0.47a	0.71±0.141b	0.14±0.021a	0.079±0.009a	7.44±0.46a	7.87±0.44a	94.55±0.68ab

表1

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	土壤pH Soil pH	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	土壤缓冲容量 pHBC (mmol·kg^-1·pH^-1)	酸化速率 Acidification rate (kmol·hm^-2·a^-1)
0—10	CK	5.54±0.27a	1.25a	18.98±2.36a	0.62±0.077b
	PK	5.42±0.19a	1.19a	19.63±2.78a	0.69±0.098b
	NP	5.21±0.16b	1.21a	18.65±2.92a	0.81±0.13a
	NK	5.54±0.34a	1.19a	20.70±1.48a	0.64±0.046b
	NPK	5.19±0.17b	1.18a	19.74±0.91a	0.86±0.039a
10—20	CK	5.82±0.11a	1.18a	17.37±2.16a	0.48±0.030b
	PK	5.76±0.18a	1.17a	17.86±2.53a	0.52±0.041b
	NP	5.54±0.18b	1.13a	18.09±2.84a	0.65±0.067a
	NK	5.85±0.01a	1.13a	19.05±1.36a	0.49±0.040b
	NPK	5.44±0.10b	1.12a	18.36±0.84a	0.72±0.034a

长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers Induces Soil Acidification and Soil Exchangeable Base Cation Loss on Paddy in Southern China

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