芝麻叶片抗氧化活性的特征及优异抗氧化种质的筛选

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.19.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】黄酮和多酚类化合物是植物中主要的天然抗氧化活性成分，在芝麻叶片中含量丰富。分析不同生育时期、不同叶位芝麻叶片总黄酮和总多酚等抗氧化活性成分的含量及抗氧化活性的变化，筛选抗氧化活性成分高的叶用芝麻种质，为芝麻叶片的开发利用提供理论依据和优异材料。【方法】通过单因素试验优化叶片总黄酮和总多酚提取方法，并对不同生育时期、不同叶位芝麻叶片，以及154份芝麻种质叶片的总黄酮、总多酚、抗氧化活性（DPPH清除率）进行测定。【结果】芝麻叶片总黄酮与总多酚提取的最终优化条件为80%乙醇为提取溶剂、料液比1﹕50（g·mL^-1）、振荡时间4 min、振荡频率1 250 r/min、超声时间35 min。随着芝麻生长发育的进程，芝麻叶片总黄酮含量自初花期到盛花期迅速提升，在成熟期达到峰值；总多酚总体呈不断增长趋势，终花期稍有下降，但差异不显著；抗氧化活性总体呈现不断增强趋势。成熟期，不同叶位叶片中总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性呈现中部>下部>上部的梯度分布，总多酚则表现为上部>中部>下部。154份芝麻种质叶片总黄酮含量变化为20.94—57.43 mg CAE·g^-1，总多酚含量为16.04—65.75 mg GAE·g^-1，抗氧化活性（DPPH清除能力）为54.09%—80.45%。通过聚类分析可将154份材料分为4个类群，第Ⅰ类群材料总黄酮和总多酚含量相对较高，且3项指标比较均衡；第Ⅱ类群材料整体抗氧化活性数值较高；第Ⅲ类群材料总黄酮和总多酚含量大多处于中值水平，抗氧化活性较低；第Ⅳ类群材料整体抗氧化指标数值处于低位。从中筛选到5份抗氧化活性指标突出的叶用种质：分别是新疆额敏芝麻、陕西渭南白芝麻、陕西宝鸡白芝麻、尼加拉瓜68·544和几内亚K2。【结论】系统地揭示了不同生育时期和不同叶位芝麻叶片抗氧化活性指标的差异，采自成熟期中部节位的芝麻叶片具有最佳的抗氧化物质含量及抗氧化活性。

关键词: 芝麻, 叶片, 采收时期, 叶位, 总黄酮, 总多酚, 抗氧化活性

Abstract:

【Objective】Flavonoids and polyphenols are the main natural antioxidant active components in plants, which are abundant in sesame leaves. Analyzing the contents of antioxidant active components such as total flavonoids and total polyphenols in sesame leaves at different growth stages and positions, as well as the changes in antioxidant activities, and screening sesame germplasm with high antioxidant active components in leaves, will provide theoretical basis and excellent materials for the development and utilization of sesame leaves.【Method】The extraction process of total flavonoids and total polyphenols from leaves was optimized by a one-way test, and total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging ratio) were determined in sesame leaves at different growth stages and leaf positions, as well as leaves of 154 sesame germplasm.【Result】The optimal conditions for the extraction of total flavonoids and total polyphenols from the leaves were: 80% ethanol as the extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio of 1:50 (g·mL^-1), oscillation time of 4 min, oscillation frequency of 1 250 r/min and ultrasonic time of 35 min. With the process of sesame growth and development, the total flavonoid content of sesame leaves increased rapidly from the initial-bloom stage to the full-bloom stage, and reached the peak at the mature stage. The total polyphenols content generally showed a continuous increasing trend, slightly decreased at the final flowering period, but the difference was not significant. The antioxidant activity generally shows a continuous increasing trend. At mature stage, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in leaves at different leaf positions showed a gradient distribution of middle > lower > upper, while the total polyphenols showed upper > middle > lower. The total flavonoid content in the leaves of 154 sesame germplasm ranged from 20.94 to 57.43 mg CAE·g^-1, the total polyphenol content ranged from 16.04 to 65.75 mg GAE·g^-1, and the antioxidant activity ranged from 54.09% to 80.45%. Cluster analysis divided 154 materials into four groups, group Ⅰ materials had relatively high total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents and the three indexes were relatively balanced; group Ⅱ had high values of antioxidant activity; group Ⅲ had mostly median levels of total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents and low antioxidant activity; and group Ⅳ had low values of overall antioxidant indexes. Five excellent leaf germplasm with outstanding antioxidant activity indexes were screened: Sesame in Xinjiang E’min, White Sesame in Shaanxi Weinan, White Sesame in Shaanxi Baoji, 68·544 in Nicaragua and K2 in Guinea, respectively.【Conclusion】The differences in antioxidant activity indexes of sesame leaves at different growth stages and different leaf positions were systematically revealed. Sesame leaves harvested from the middle position at mature stage had the highest content of antioxidant substances and antioxidant activity.

Key words: sesame, leaves, harvesting period, leaf position, total flavonoids, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity

罗自舒, 张怡嘉, 周瑢, 张艳欣, 周婷, 游均, 王林海. 芝麻叶片抗氧化活性的特征及优异抗氧化种质的筛选[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(19): 3814-3824.

LUO ZiShu, ZHANG YiJia, ZHOU Rong, ZHANG YanXin, ZHOU Ting, YOU Jun, WANG LinHai. Characterization of Antioxidant Activities in Sesame Leaves and Screening of High Antioxidant Germplasm[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(19): 3814-3824.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.19.002

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不同叶位 Different leaf positions	总黄酮含量 Total flavonoids content (mg CAE·g^-1)	总多酚含量 Total polyphenols content (mg GAE·g^-1)	抗氧化活性/DPPH清除率 Antioxidant activity/DPPH scavenging ratio (%)
上部叶Upper leaf	16.79±1.24c	45.31±1.14a	64.20±2.52b
中部叶Middle leaf	52.65±2.20a	44.40±3.48a	72.83±3.24a
下部叶Lower leaf	37.94±1.32b	40.39±1.45b	64.97±2.38b