小麦整合化无人化丰产栽培的特征与技术途径

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (5): 864-876.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

小麦整合化无人化丰产栽培的特征与技术途径

张洪程¹(), 邢志鹏¹(), 张瑞宏², 单翔², 奚小波², 程爽¹, 翁文安¹, 胡群¹, 崔培媛¹, 魏海燕¹

¹ 扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院/扬州大学江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室/扬州大学江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心，江苏扬州 225009
² 扬州大学机械工程学院/扬州大学江苏省现代农机农艺融合技术工程中心，江苏扬州 225127

收稿日期:2024-07-10 接受日期:2024-09-07 出版日期:2025-03-07 发布日期:2025-03-07
联系方式: 张洪程，E-mail：hczhang@yzu.edu.cn。邢志鹏，E-mail：zpxing@yzu.edu.cn。张洪程与邢志鹏为同等贡献作者
基金资助:
江苏省重点研发计划(BE2022338); 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-01-27); 江苏省2018年度农业科技创新与推广项目、江苏省现代农机装备与技术示范推广(NJ2019-33); 江苏省2018年度农业科技创新与推广项目、江苏省现代农机装备与技术示范推广(NJ2020-58); 江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)

Characteristics and Technical Approaches of Integrated Unmanned High-Yield Cultivation of Wheat

ZHANG HongCheng¹(), XING ZhiPeng¹(), ZHANG RuiHong², SHAN Xiang², XI XiaoBo², CHENG Shuang¹, WENG WenAn¹, HU Qun¹, CUI PeiYuan¹, WEI HaiYan¹

¹ Rice Industrial Engineering Technology Research Institute, Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu
² School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Engineering Center for Modern Agricultural Machinery and Agronomy Technology, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu

Received:2024-07-10 Accepted:2024-09-07 Published:2025-03-07 Online:2025-03-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】为创新小麦绿色丰产优质高效的无人化栽培技术体系提供理论和技术支撑。【方法】笔者团队根据土地流转与规模化经营加速、从事农业生产的劳动力不断减少、种田方式要求更为高效舒适的形势，通过“农艺-农机-农智”融合研究，研创了小麦整合化无人化栽培技术，即运用新技术、新产品、新装备，进行小麦全程生产农事操作的简化整合，以最少的作业次数、用最少的机具和无人化作业，完成小麦生产。在探索性试验的基础上，于2019—2020、2020—2021和2021—2022年度在江苏省盐城市大中农场，设置小麦整合化无人化栽培技术（IU）处理和试验区小麦常规全程机械化丰产栽培技术（CK）处理，研究不同处理间小麦产量形成特征及差异，分析小麦整合化无人化栽培的丰产特征，进而提出无人化栽培技术途径。【结果】IU处理较CK处理提高小麦产量3.0%—5.9%，部分品种和生长季下处理间差异显著。在产量构成上，穗数表现为IU>CK（部分品种和生长季下处理间差异显著），穗粒数为IU>CK（P>0.05），总实粒数为IU>CK（P<0.05），千粒重为IU<CK（P>0.05），说明IU处理通过稳定穗粒数和千粒重、增加穗数，实现小麦增产。在光合物质生产上，主要生育时期的茎蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量和主要生育阶段的光合势、群体生长率以及茎蘖成穗率、粒叶比均表现为IU>CK（部分品种和生长季下处理间差异显著），为IU处理增产奠定物质基础。总结了所创建的整合化无人化栽培途径及基本技术，从整合化、无人化、“农艺-农机-农智”融合度、关键栽培技术、综合评价等方面进行了小麦整合化无人化栽培发展的若干讨论。【结论】小麦整合化无人化栽培与试验区小麦常规全程机械化丰产栽培的产量相当或显著增加，可以较少的机力人力投入与无人化作业实现小麦丰产栽培，是农业现代化生产发展的有效途径，未来应加强多方面协同创新与投入，以加快该技术的优化熟化和大面积示范推广。

关键词: 小麦, 整合化栽培, 无人化栽培, 产量, 技术途径

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficient unmanned cultivation technology system of wheat. 【Method】 According to the situation of accelerating land transfer and large-scale operation, decreasing labor force engaged in agricultural production, and more efficient and comfortable farming methods, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat was put forward through the integration study of “agronomy-machinery-intelligence”, that is, using new technology, new product and new equipment to simplify and integrate the whole process of wheat production, and complete wheat production with the least number of operations, the least number of machines and unmanned operations. On the basis of exploratory experimental research, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat (IU) and conventional mechanized high-yield cultivation techniques of wheat in experimental area (CK) were set up as treatments in Dazhong Farm of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in 2019-2020, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, to study the traits and differences of wheat yield formation among different technology treatments, analyze the high-yield traits of IU, and put forward the technical approaches of IU. 【Result】 The IU increased wheat yield by 3.0%-5.9% compared with CK, and significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons. In terms of yield components, the spike number was IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), the grains per spike were IU>CK (P>0.05), the total grains were IU>CK (P<0.05), and the 1000-kernels weight was IU<CK (P>0.05), indicating that the IU increased wheat yield by stabilizing the grains per spike and 1000-kernels weight, and increasing the spike number. In the production of photosynthetic matter, the culm number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages, the leaf area duration and crop growth rate in the main growth periods, and the culm fertility and grain leaf ratio were all expressed as IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), which laid a material foundation for the yield increase of the IU. This paper not only summarized the technical approaches and basic technologies of IU but also discussed the development of IU from the aspects of integrated cultivation, unmanned cultivation, “agronomy-machinery-intelligence” fusion degree, key agronomy technology and comprehensive evaluation. 【Conclusion】 The yield under IU was equivalent or significantly increased to that under CK. And the high-yield cultivation of wheat was realized with less agricultural machinery and labor and unmanned operation, which was an effective way for the development of agricultural modernization production. In the future, multi-faceted collaborative innovation and investment should be strengthened to accelerate the application and large-scale promotion of this technology.

Key words: wheat, integrated cultivation, unmanned cultivation, yield, technical approach

张洪程, 邢志鹏, 张瑞宏, 单翔, 奚小波, 程爽, 翁文安, 胡群, 崔培媛, 魏海燕. 小麦整合化无人化丰产栽培的特征与技术途径[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(5): 864-876.

ZHANG HongCheng, XING ZhiPeng, ZHANG RuiHong, SHAN Xiang, XI XiaoBo, CHENG Shuang, WENG WenAn, HU Qun, CUI PeiYuan, WEI HaiYan. Characteristics and Technical Approaches of Integrated Unmanned High-Yield Cultivation of Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(5): 864-876.

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年份 Year	地点 Site	品种 Variety	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-kernels weight (g)	实产 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质量 Dry matter at maturity (kg·hm^-2)
2017—2018	姜堰 Jiangyan	扬麦23 Yangmai23 (n=6)	501.9±15.3	39.1±1.5	37.9±0.6	7117.4±306.9	18705.2±606.2
2018—2019	姜堰 Jiangyan	扬麦23 Yangmai23 (n=5)	501.7±6.9	38.7±1.7	38.9±0.9	7239.8±223.9	18273.6±611.1
2018—2019	兴化 Xinghua	扬麦23 Yangmai23 (n=8)	519.0±7.8	39.7±1.1	37.9±0.9	7501.9±220.8	18595.6±397.0

年度 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	总实粒数 Total grains (×10⁴·hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-kernels weight (g)	实产 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2019-2020	农麦88 Nongmai 88	IU	529.5±30.7a	43.9±2.5a	23217.4±30.7a	42.4±1.1a	9472.6±23.5a
	农麦88 Nongmai 88	CK	516.3±24.3a	42.6±1.7a	21991.5±12.4b	43.3±1.4a	9146.6±18.4a
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	IU	596.1±17.0a	38.7±1.6a	23091.8±27.0a	40.1±1.6a	8922.8±16.8a
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	CK	567.4±28.2b	38.4±2.3a	21783.3±16.4b	40.9±1.5a	8487.6±20.3b
2020-2021	农麦88 Nongmai 88	IU	524.5±19.7a	42.3±2.0a	22161.1±21.9a	40.8±1.7a	8677.0±28.9a
	农麦88 Nongmai 88	CK	499.0±18.4b	41.9±2.2a	20929.0±31.1b	41.5±1.7a	8262.4±16.4b
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	IU	568.3±28.0a	39.2±1.6a	22288.3±29.0a	39.1±1.4a	8356.7±11.7a
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	CK	537.6±26.7b	38.5±1.7a	20675.0±9.1b	40.1±1.9a	7887.4±20.9b
2021-2022	农麦88 Nongmai 88	IU	548.3±21.6a	44.5±2.0a	24388.6±26.3a	42.0±1.4a	9885.1±18.5a
	农麦88 Nongmai 88	CK	538.4±29.4a	43.1±2.6a	23217.9±8.3b	42.9±1.6a	9595.3±19.3a
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	IU	605.2±19.8a	40.2±1.2a	24305.8±9.1a	40.9±1.3a	9564.9±16.6a
	宁麦13 Ningmai 13	CK	579.3±25.1a	39.4±1.6a	22807.9±276b	41.8±0.6a	9153.8±12.0a

年份 Year	地点 Site	品种 Variety	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-kernels weight (g)	实产 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质量 Dry matter at maturity (kg·hm^-2)
2019-2020	姜堰 Jiangyan	扬麦23 Yangmai23 (n=6)	515.5±13.6	41.1±1.1	39.6±0.3	8010.9±216.3	20746.1±871.5
	大中农场 Dazhong farm	农麦88 Nongmai88 (n=5)	504.6±10.2	43.6±0.7	42.1±0.9	8886.7±236.3	23525.2±744.2
	大中农场 Dazhong farm	宁麦13 Ningmai13 (n=5)	569.4±14.4	40.1±0.7	39.8±0.5	8687.3±277.7	23495.1±413.8
2020-2021	泗洪 Sihong	淮麦35 Huaimai35 (n=5)	554.0±22.4	36.0±0.3	41.9±0.6	7893.5±325.1	22678.8±677.2
	大中农场 Dazhong farm	农麦88 Nongmai88 (n=8)	510.4±12.1	43.1±0.6	40.9±0.5	8638.2±124.9	22493.5±521.7
		宁麦13 Ningmai13 (n=8)	569.4±6.4	38.3±0.9	39.9±0.6	8303.9±271.3	22533.7±558.1
		扬麦28 Yangmai28 (n=4)	505.8±21.0	40.6±0.9	41.8±0.8	8201.0±343.0	22764.1±603.1
2021-2022	泗洪 Sihong	淮麦35 Huaimai35 (n=6)	548.2±10.2	36.4±0.6	42.4±0.6	8075.0±285.4	21274.6±742.0
	泗洪 Sihong	淮麦33 Huaimai33 (n=6)	561.8±9.3	38.3±1.4	40.3±0.7	8327.4±271.0	21758.8±612.5
	大中农场 Dazhong farm	农麦88 Nongmai88 (n=8)	559.2±10.6	43.1±1.2	42.1±0.9	9787.8±317.3	24963.0±991.2
		宁麦13 Ningmai13 (n=4)	599.8±18.7	39.3±0.5	40.9±0.8	9283.6±276.3	24276.4±857.9
		农麦128 Nongmai128 (n=8)	596.6±12.6	39.3±0.9	42.0±0.7	9480.3±323.7	24422.6±828.1

小麦整合化无人化丰产栽培的特征与技术途径

Characteristics and Technical Approaches of Integrated Unmanned High-Yield Cultivation of Wheat

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