秸秆与紫云英覆盖对土壤肥力及甘薯产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨秸秆、绿肥覆盖还田对西南旱地土壤肥力及作物产量的影响，为合理高效、生态健康的保护性耕作措施提供依据。【方法】以西南地区“蚕豆/玉米/甘薯”旱三熟套作模式中的甘薯季为研究对象，设无覆盖（CK）、秸秆覆盖（S）、紫云英覆盖（M）、秸秆+紫云英覆盖（S+M）4个处理，研究其对土壤理化性质、微生物碳源代谢活性以及甘薯干物质积累和产量的影响。【结果】（1）较地表无覆盖（CK），秸秆覆盖（S）和紫云英覆盖（M）对甘薯季土壤理化性质、生物学特性具有一定的改善作用，其中以秸秆与紫云英（S+M）协同覆盖的效果最佳。（2）基于主成分分析的土壤肥力综合评价表明，S和M处理的土壤肥力均高于CK，其中S+M处理在根际与非根际土壤的综合得分均为最高。（3）S+M处理显著提高了甘薯各器官干物质量以及甘薯产量，S+M、S、M处理下甘薯产量相较于CK处理分别提高34.53%、14.60%、11.55%。【结论】在西南“旱三熟”区进行秸秆与紫云英覆盖，能有效改善土壤理化性质及生物学特性，提升土壤肥力，提高甘薯干物质量及产量。

关键词: 秸秆覆盖, 紫云英覆盖, 土壤肥力, 甘薯（Ipomoea batatas L.）, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of straw and green manure mulching on soil fertility and crop yield on the dryland in southwest China, so as to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for exploring reasonable, efficient and ecologically healthy conservation tillage measures in southwest China. 【Method】 The sweet potato field in the "broad bean/maize/sweet potato" dry three-crop intercropping mode in southwest China was selected as the research object, and four treatments were set up: no mulching (CK), straw mulching (S), straw and milk vetch mulching (S+M), and milk vetch mulching (M). The effects of different treatments on soil characteristics and soil fertility, sweet potato dry matter content in the sweet potato field were studied. 【Result】(1) Compared with no-mulching treatment, straw and milk vetch mulching could improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil in sweet potato field. Among them, straw and milk vetch mulching had the best effect. (2) The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility based on principal component analysis showed that soil fertility under straw and milk vetch mulching treatment was higher than that under no mulching treatment, and the comprehensive scores of straw and milk vetch mulching treatment were the highest in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. (3) S+M treatment significantly improved the dry matter quality of various organs of sweet potato and sweet potato yield, the yield of sweet potato under S+M, S and M treatment was 34.53%, 14.60% and 11.55% higher than that under CK treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】Straw and milk vetch mulching in the dryland, triple cropping systems of southwest China, could effectively improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil, enhance soil fertility, and improve dry matter quality and yield.

Key words: straw mulching, milk vetch mulching, soil fertility, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), yield

李绍兴, 宋稳锋, 魏泽煜, 周玉玲, 宋李霞, 任可, 马群, 王龙昌. 秸秆与紫云英覆盖对土壤肥力及甘薯产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(8): 1591-1603.

LI ShaoXing, SONG WenFeng, WEI ZeYu, ZHOU YuLing, SONG LiXia, REN Ke, MA Qun, WANG LongChang. Effects of Straw and Milk Vetch Mulching on Soil Fertility and Sweet Potato Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(8): 1591-1603.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2025/V58/I8/1591

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处理Treatment	操作方法Method of operation
对照CK	地表无覆盖Uncovered land
秸秆覆盖S	当季作物播种或移栽后，将前茬作物秸秆用铡刀切成20 cm左右长度并均匀覆盖在整个小区内，蚕豆、玉米秸秆覆盖量为7 500 kg·hm^-2（风干重），甘薯秸秆覆盖量为4 500 kg·hm^-2（风干重） After planting or transplantation of crops in the current season, straw of the previous crops were cut into a length of about 20 cm by fodder chopper and evenly covered in the whole plot. The straw cover amount of fava bean and corn were 7 500 kg·hm^-2(air dry weight), and the straw cover amount of sweet potato was 4 500 kg·hm^-2 (air dry weight)
紫云英覆盖M	在蚕豆生育期内间作紫云英，紫云英于盛花期收获并切碎，在玉米移栽后均匀覆盖在整个小区内，覆盖量为2 500 kg·hm^-2（风干重） During the growth period of fava bean, harvest and chop the milk vetch in full-blossom period, evenly covered in the whole plot after corn was transplanted, and the cover amount is 2 500 kg·hm^-2 (air dry weight)
秸秆+紫云英覆盖S+M	秸秆覆盖量和覆盖方法同S处理，紫云英覆盖量和覆盖方法同M处理 The mulching amount and mulching method of straw and milk vetch are the same as S and M treatment

土区 Soil area	处理 Treatment	电导率 Dynamic (μS·cm^-1)	易氧化有机碳 Soil readily oxidizable organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)
根际土壤 Rhizosphere	CK	5.15±0.07a	1.41±0.0978c	4.89±0.070b	23.16±0.679a	11.055±0.258a	0.732±0.033b	0.716±0.022a
	S	5.54±0.13a	2.47±0.067a	6.52±0.217a	24.07±0.698a	11.844±0.118a	0.800±0.0114a	0.722±0.014a
	S+M	5.25±0.13a	2.28±0.060a	6.06±0.201ab	25.37±0.622a	11.596±0.310a	0.806±0.010a	0.714±0.004a
	M	5.10±0.24a	1.93±0.059b	5.94±0.695ab	25.10±0.677a	11.192±0.234a	0.8273±0.014a	0.726±0.014a
非根际土壤 Non-rhizosphere	CK	4.23±0.18c	1.72±0.055b	3.51±0.327c	28.85±0.573b	12.211±0.103c	0.9227±0.004b	0.806±0.019b
	S	5.91±0.05a	2.41±0.076ab	6.28±0.476b	29.88±0.497b	13.119±0.073b	1.0607±0.018a	0.835±0.023ab
	S+M	6.12±0.07a	2.60±0.264a	8.14±0.413a	33.55±0.844a	14.381±0.171a	1.132±0.039a	0.852±0.018a
	M	5.01±0.08b	2.03±0.297ab	5.59±0.412b	30.76±0.364b	12.913±0.197b	0.964±0.005b	0.837±0.010ab

土区 Soil area	处理 Treatment	蔗糖酶 Invertase (mg·kg^-1·24h^-1)	脲酶 Urease (mg·kg^-1·24h^-1)	酸性磷酸酶 Acid phosphatase (mg·kg^-1·24h^-1)
根际土壤 Rhizosphere	CK	5.595±0.097a	0.292±0.00b	0.325±0.0036b
	S	5.442±0.135a	0.324±0.0020a	0.374±0.0037a
	S+M	5.993±0.180a	0.322±0.0025a	0.372±0.0095a
	M	5.872±0.443a	0.322±0.0047a	0.368±0.0026a
非根际土壤 Non-rhizosphere	CK	7.601±0.117b	0.327±0.0041c	0.468±0.0048c
	S	8.440±0.069a	0.343±0.0004b	0.491±0.0053b
	S+M	8.403±0.148a	0.355±0.0028b	0.521±0.0042a
	M	8.186±0.083a	0.374±0.0062a	0.503±0.0098ab

处理 Treatment	平均颜色变化率 AWCD	Shannon多样性指数 H	Pielou均匀度指数 J	Simpson优势度指数 D	Mclntosh多样性指数 U
CK	0.9466±0.0544a	3.3370±0.0287a	0.9879±0.0016b	0.9631±0.0012a	5.6276±0.2352a
S	0.9588±0.0578a	3.3262±0.0295a	0.9879±0.0030b	0.9624±0.0016a	5.7503±0.2344a
S+M	0.9918±0.0312a	3.3531±0.0096a	0.9993±0.0024a	0.9638±0.0004a	5.8477±0.1505a
M	0.987±0.01618a	3.3273±0.0263a	0.9953±0.0013a	0.9628±0.0011a	5.8958±0.0762a

土区 Soil area	处理 Treatment	主成分1 PC1	主成分2 PC2	总得分 Total score	排名 Ranking
根际 Rhizosphere	CK	-0.438392723	-0.876785447	-1.31517817	4
	S	0.17178853	0.34357706	0.51536559	2
	S+M	0.177319573	0.354639147	0.53195872	1
	M	0.0892864	0.1785728	0.2678592	3
非根际 Non-rhizosphere	CK	-0.507529085	-1.01505817	-1.522587255	4
	S	0.033098995	0.06619799	0.099296985	3
	S+M	0.4125221	0.8250442	1.2375663	1
	M	0.06190933	0.12381866	0.18572799	2