水氮耦合对西北旱区覆膜农田土壤有机碳、氮矿化的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确灌溉和施氮对土壤肥力的影响，探明不同水氮条件下覆膜农田土壤有机碳、氮矿化特征及其影响因素，为西北旱区覆膜农田水氮调控提供理论依据。【方法】在连续5年覆膜施氮冬小麦-夏玉米田间定位试验田块，采集施氮量为0（N0）、180 kg·hm^-2（N1）和360 kg·hm^-2（N2）3个施氮水平覆膜小区的土壤样品，并分别设置40%田间持水量（W0）、60%田间持水量（W1）和100%田间持水量（W2）3个土壤水分梯度进行室内有机碳、氮矿化培养试验，分析不同水氮条件对覆膜农田土壤有机碳、氮矿化的影响特征。【结果】增加土壤含水量显著提高了土壤累积碳矿化量（C_min）、碳矿化速率、土壤累积净氮矿化量（N_min）、氮矿化速率和潜在矿化氮（N_p）。C_min、N_min和N_p均随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。培养结束后，N1W1处理C_min最高（1 781.00 mg·kg^-1），比其他处理显著提高8.8%—51.8%，且其N_min（29.52 mg·kg^-1）、潜在矿化碳（5 883.79 mg·kg^-1）和N_p（30.74 mg·kg^-1）也维持在相对较高水平。随机森林算法表明，土壤微生物碳（MBC）、土壤微生物氮、溶解性有机碳、有机碳和总溶解氮是影响C_min和N_min的重要因子。MBC随土壤水分增加呈先增后降趋势，W1下MBC含量分别比W0和W2处理显著增加60.1%—340.0%和3.1%—6.7%。结构方程表明，土壤水分对土壤碳矿化有直接正效应（0.70），对土壤氮矿化有间接正效应（0.55）；施氮对土壤氮矿化有直接正效应（0.90），对土壤碳矿化有间接负效应（0.24）。【结论】从土壤碳、氮矿化角度出发，60%田间持水量和施氮肥180 kg·hm^-2作为西北旱区覆膜农田适宜的水、氮推荐量。

关键词: 施氮量, 土壤水分, 碳矿化, 净氮矿化, 矿化动力学, 西北旱区

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on soil fertility, to explore the characteristics of organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization and their influencing factors in mulched farmland soils under different water and nitrogen conditions, so as to provide the theoretical basis for water and nitrogen control measures for mulched farmland crops in the Northwest of China.【Method】In this study, on the basis of five consecutive years of field trials of winter wheat-summer maize with nitrogen application in mulching, the soil samples were collected under three nitrogen application levels of 0 (N0), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N1) and 360 kg·hm^-2 (N2), and three soil moisture gradients, namely, 40% of the field holding capacity (W0), 60% of the field holding capacity (W1), and 100% of the field holding capacity (W2), were set up for indoor organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Then, the effect of water-nitrogen coupling on soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in mulched farmland were analyzed.【Result】Increasing water content significantly increased the cumulative soil carbon mineralization (C_min), carbon mineralization rate, cumulative net soil nitrogen mineralization (N_min), nitrogen mineralization rate, and potential mineralized nitrogen (N_p). C_min, N_min and N_p all showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with increasing nitrogen application. At the end of incubation, C_min was the highest under N1W1 treatment (1 781.00 mg·kg^-1), which was significantly higher than that under other treatments(N0W0, N0W1, N0W2, N1W0, N1W2, N2W0, N2W1, N2W2) by 8.8% to 51.8%, respectively, and its N_min was also maintained at a relatively high level (29.52 mg·kg^-1), while the potential mineralized carbon (5 883.79 mg·kg^-1) and N_p(30.74 mg·kg^-1) were also maintained at a relatively high level. The random forest algorithm indicated that soil microbial carbon (MBC), soil microbial nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, organic carbon, and total dissolved nitrogen were the important factors affecting C_min and N_min. MBC showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of soil moisture, and the MBC content under W1 significantly increased by 60.1%-340.0% and 3.1%-6.7%, respectively. The structural equations showed that soil moisture had a direct positive effect (0.70) and an indirect positive effect (0.55) on soil carbon mineralization, while the nitrogen application had a direct positive effect (0.90) and an indirect negative effect (0.24) on soil nitrogen mineralization.【Conclusion】From the perspective of soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization, this study recommended 60% field capacity and 180 kg N·hm^-2 as suitable water and nitrogen regulation strategies for mulched farmland in the dryland of Northwest China.

Key words: nitrogen application rate, soil moisture, carbon mineralization, net nitrogen mineralization, mineralization kinetics, arid regions of Northwest China

赵彤彤, 谷晓博, 谭川东, 延廷霖, 李晓雁, 常甜, 杜娅丹. 水氮耦合对西北旱区覆膜农田土壤有机碳、氮矿化的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(5): 929-942.

ZHAO TongTong, GU XiaoBo, TAN ChuanDong, YAN TingLin, LI XiaoYan, CHANG Tian, DU YaDan. Effects of Water-Nitrogen Coupling on the Mineralization of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen for Mulched Farmland Soils in the Arid Regions of Northwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(5): 929-942.

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处理 Treatment	土壤有机碳SOC (mg·kg^-1)	全氮TN (mg·kg^-1)	碳氮比 C/N	pH	电导率Ec (μs·cm^-1)
N0	7743.49 b	475.12 b	16.29 a	8.3 a	184.4 b
N1	8456.06 a	482.12 b	17.54 a	8.27 a	188.7 b
N2	8542.16 a	528.87 a	16.18 a	7.98 b	248.5 a

处理 Treatment		微生物量碳MBC (mg·kg^-1)	微生物量氮MBN (mg·kg^-1)	溶解性有机碳DOC (mg·kg^-1)	总溶解氮TDN (mg·kg^-1)
N0	W0	85.99 d	15.66 e	257.67 de	50.51 c
	W1	138.53 c	21.68 d	256.20 de	60.19 c
	W2	134.34 c	53.23 a	235.08 e	53.76 c
N1	W0	88.45 d	45.03 b	314.29 c	51.87 c
	W1	208.57 ab	21.82 d	296.15 cd	95.76 b
	W2	195.41 b	57.42 a	309.14 c	103.52 b
N2	W0	54.93 d	30.54 c	425.35 a	146.93 a
	W1	241.70 a	15.12 e	369.06 b	153.91 a
	W2	231.34 a	47.14 b	335.34 bc	163.85 a
施氮量Nitrogen application rate, N		***	***	***	***
土壤含水量Soil water content, W		***	***	*	**
施氮量×土壤含水量 N×W		***	***	ns	*

处理 Treatment	C₀ (mg·kg^-1)	k_c (d^-1)	R²	C₀k_c (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	MBC/SOC	C_min/C₀
N0W0	3519.53	0.0094	0.99	33.22	0.0103	0.37
N0W1	10804.81	0.0030	0.99	32.41	0.0190	0.14
N0W2	6104.14	0.0058	0.99	35.16	0.0179	0.25
N1W0	5271.02	0.0063	0.99	33.21	0.0099	0.27
N1W1	5883.79	0.0073	0.99	42.89	0.0264	0.30
N1W2	3125.63	0.0147	0.99	46.04	0.0231	0.52
N2W0	1616.85	0.0251	0.99	40.55	0.0062	0.73
N2W1	2581.66	0.0163	0.99	41.98	0.0305	0.55
N2W2	4084.71	0.0097	0.99	39.62	0.0264	0.38

处理 Treatment	N_p (mg·kg^-1)	k_N (d^-1)	R²	N_pk_N (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	MBN/TN	N_min/N_p
N0W0	15.66	0.0392	0.96	0.61	0.0328	0.985
N0W1	21.06	0.0318	0.96	0.67	0.0459	0.881
N0W2	22.31	0.0332	0.94	0.74	0.1112	0.956
N1W0	30.52	0.0273	0.98	0.83	0.0936	0.885
N1W1	30.74	0.0403	0.97	1.24	0.0457	0.96
N1W2	36.31	0.0640	0.97	2.32	0.1215	0.993
N2W0	24.66	0.0256	0.96	0.63	0.0558	0.886
N2W1	25.38	0.0297	0.90	0.75	0.0300	0.956
N2W2	30.63	0.0415	0.97	1.27	0.0880	0.953