施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征，分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系，探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平（0、75、120和150 kg·hm^-2）对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力，增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率，促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配，从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量，其中，施氮75 kg·hm^-2时上述元素含量的增幅最大，氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比，施氮75 kg·hm^-2时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高，增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%，小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮（150 kg·hm^-2）不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运，与施氮量75 kg·hm^-2比较，两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%；氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量，淀粉形成受限，抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度，影响糊化品质，同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关，但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120 kg·hm^-2，能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配，实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

关键词: 谷子, 施氮量, 氮素利用, 产量, 糊化特性, 微量元素

Abstract:

【Objective】 To provide the theoretical basis for rational nitrogen (N) application and promoting high yield and high quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), this study aimed to clarify the effects of different N application rates on plant N utilization characteristics, grain yield and grain quality of foxtail millet. 【Method】 To investigate the effects of different N application levels on plant N accumulation, transfer and utilization characteristics, grain yield and its components, grain micronutrients content and pasting properties, a 2-year field experiment (2020-2021) was performed with different N fertilization application at four levels (0, 75, 120, and 150 kg·hm^-2, represented as N0, N75, N120, and N150, respectively) in the Qinxian County of Shanxi Province, located in the spring sowing region of China.【Result】 Compared with N0, N application increased panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle and plant productivity of foxtail millet. N application also significantly enhanced N translocation and promoted the distribution of both dry matter and N in grains. As a consequence, an enhanced grain yield was obtained when subjected to N application. Further, among all treatments, the highest values of panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle, both grain yield and biomass, harvest index, total N accumulation and N translocation efficiency were obtained when 75 kg·hm^-2 was supplied; compared with the values produced by N0, the increased rate reached 7.5%, 23.3%, 31.0%, 21.2%, 8.6%, 40.3% and 9.2% by N75, respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains under N75 treatment were increased by 37.3%, 43.6%, 56.0%, 30.5% and 16.9% at most, respectively. Excessive N application (N 150) decreased grain number, harvest index and N translocation efficiency compared with N75 treatment. More than 75 kg·hm^-2 application resulted in diminished N translocation efficiency, by 23.1% and 28.1%, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The content of amylopectin and starch yield were also limited by excessive N. Over-use N fertilizer also significantly decreased final viscosity, setback and trough viscosity. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated a strong positive relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains, and a significant negative relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of amylopectin, final viscosity and trough viscosity in foxtail millet grains.【Conclusion】 The N application at 75-120 kg·hm^-2 could promoted the allocation of dry matter and N in grain, which was relative to the enhanced N transfer from vegetative organs to grains. Also the reasonable pasting properties and biofortification of beneficial trace elements of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se was produced by such N dose in this study area.

Key words: foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), nitrogen application rate, nitrogen utilization characteristics, grain yield, pasting properties, micronutrients

董二伟, 王媛, 王劲松, 刘秋霞, 黄晓磊, 焦晓燕. 施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2): 306-318.

DONG ErWei, WANG Yuan, WANG JinSong, LIU QiuXia, HUANG XiaoLei, JIAO XiaoYan. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Grain Yield, Plant Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Grain Quality of Foxtail Millet[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 306-318.

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	有效铁 Available Fe (mg·kg^-1)	有效锌 Available Zn (mg·kg^-1)	交换钙 Available Ca (g·kg^-1)	交换镁 Available Mg (g·kg^-1)	有效硒 Available Se (μg·kg^-1)
2020	8.26	17.18	0.98	10.47	164.01	6.42	1.25	1.31	0.26	19.5
2021	8.33	11.28	0.99	11.83	184.47	6.28	1.18	1.29	0.28	19.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获穗数 Spike number at harvest (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	地上部生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 HI (%)
2020	N0	5403.3±81.0a	43.0±0.2a	4660.5±42.9a	2.63±0.05a	9883.5±84.3a	53.3±0.1b
	N75	6462.0±166.7b	44.7±0.3b	5583.4±135.1c	2.75±0.01b	11823.1±222.7b	57.9±0.4c
	N120	6184.8±180.0b	44.3±0.1b	5257.3±159.9c	2.71±0.03ab	12169.5±190.7b	52.0±0.9ab
	N150	6166.7±264.2b	44.7±0.1b	5046.6±105.5b	2.76±0.02b	12709.6±246.3c	49.7±1.7a
2021	N0	4660.0±13.3a	41.7±0.3a	4304.4±42.9a	2.60±0.02a	11497.9±51.7a	40.5±0.2a
	N75	6104.1±18.6c	44.8±0.1b	5309.0±54.0c	2.57±0.02a	13937.6±64.1c	43.8±0.2b
	N120	6005.9±16.9c	44.4±0.1b	5251.0±48.2c	2.60±0.03a	13885.0±108.5c	43.6±0.3b
	N150	5239.7±108.7b	44.6±0.2b	4488.8±24.0b	2.63±0.03a	12902.4±118.6b	41.2±0.6a

年代 Year	处理 Treatment	氮累积量 N accumulation (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运量 NT (kg·hm^-2)	氮转运率 NTE (%)	转运氮贡献率 NCE (%)	氮素收获指数 NHI (%)
2020	N0	125.6±3.0a	43.8±0.5a	59.8±0.5c	54.0±1.2b	64.7±0.9b
	N75	176.2±3.0b	65.2±1.3c	61.9±0.4d	60.4±1.2c	62.3±0.5a
	N120	163.1±2.0b	47.3±0.2b	50.5±0.2b	46.0±0.7a	63.1±0.5ab
	N150	163.6±2.9b	47.0±1.5ab	47.6±1.0a	46.0±1.4a	62.1±0.9ab
2021	N0	134.1±1.7a	48.1±1.2a	55.3±1.4b	64.9±0.7b	55.2±0.6b
	N75	173.9±2.8b	79.8±0.6b	60.4±0.6c	78.6±1.1d	58.4±0.7c
	N120	186.8±1.2c	78.0±1.0b	50.5±0.2b	73.2±1.2c	57.0±0.2c
	N150	172.2±4.1ab	50.2±1.7a	43.4±0.4a	58.4±0.4a	49.9±0.4a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮利用率 NUE (%)	氮农学效率 NAE (kg·kg^-1)	氮表观回收率 NARR (%)
2020	N0	—	—	—
	N75	67.4±4.6b	19.9±1.6b	234.9±3.9c
	N120	31.3±6.4a	8.8±0.6a	136.0±3.6b
	N150	25.8±2.8a	7.3±1.6a	109.1±1.9a
2021	N0	—	—	—
	N75	53.1±5.4b	19.3±0.2b	231.8±3.8c
	N120	43.9±7.7a	11.6±0.1a	155.6±5.1b
	N150	25.4±3.0a	3.9±0.7a	114.8±2.8a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity (BU)	最终黏度 Final viscosity (BU)	崩解值 Breakdown (BU)	回升值 Setback (BU)	峰谷黏度 Trough viscosity (BU)	糊化温度 Pasting temperature (℃)	开始糊化时间 Start pasting time (min)
2020	N0	260.7±3.2ab	498.0±6.1c	71.3±7.4a	349.0±8.1b	149.0±2.0b	78.1±0.8b	9.8±0.2b
	N75	270.0±0.6b	474.3±1.3b	73.0±2.3a	363.0±5.0b	111.3±5.7a	78.3±0.5b	9.7±0.2ab
	N120	252.3±6.8a	450.0±4.7a	72.0±7.6a	325.7±4.4a	124.3±2.9a	77.9±0.5b	9.6±0.2ab
	N150	251.7±6.7a	455.0±4.5a	69.7±3.0a	326.7±4.2a	128.3±4.4a	75.7±0.6a	9.2±0.1a
2021	N0	280.0±6.2a	535.7±4.3c	71.0±4.7b	386.3±4.8b	149.3±6.2b	79.6±1.1a	10.4±0.1b
	N75	271.3±5.3a	507.3±2.4b	68.7±6.8ab	358.7±3.0a	148.7±5.4b	79.4±1.1a	10.1±0.1a
	N120	272.7±6.9a	492.3±3.2a	68.7±2.3ab	366.0±2.1a	126.3±3.2a	79.5±0.5a	9.7±0.1a
	N150	263.3±3.8a	497.7±3.2ab	55.0±1.5a	362.3±1.3a	135.3±3.4ab	79.2±0.6a	10.1±0.1a