秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.23.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区通过连续7年田间定位试验,探索秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、地上部吸氮量、收获期土壤硝态氮残留量及土壤氮素平衡的影响,为小麦增产及氮素高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理为玉米秸秆还田和不还田,副处理设置5个施氮水平,分别为0（N0,不施用氮肥）、84 kg·hm^-2（N84,当地推荐氮肥用量的一半）、168 kg·hm^-2（N168,当地推荐氮肥用量）、252 kg·hm^-2（N252,高氮肥用量）、336 kg·hm^-2（N336,超高氮肥用量）。【结果】与秸秆不还田处理相比秸秆还田未提高冬小麦籽粒产量,施用氮肥较不施氮肥小麦增产18%—29%,而超高氮肥用量较推荐氮肥用量有减产风险。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦产量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^-2时,公顷小麦穗数增加5%—7%,产量平均增加5%—6%。秸秆还田对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量无显著影响,施用氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量较不施用氮肥增加16%—33%。秸秆还田对小麦地上部吸氮量无显著影响,施用氮肥的地上部吸氮量较不施用氮肥增加36%—72%。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦地上部吸氮量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^-2时地上部吸氮量平均增加5%—8%。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田使土壤硝态氮残留量平均增加18%,增加的硝态氮含量主要分布在70—170 cm土层。N168处理在秸秆不还田条件下土壤氮处于亏损状态,秸秆还田后有效地弥补了氮亏缺,进一步增加氮肥用量,将大幅增加土壤氮盈余量。相对于秸秆还田,氮肥用量对土壤氮盈余量的影响更大。【结论】秸秆还田配施高氮肥用量能增加小麦产量和地上部吸氮量,但同时增加了土壤硝态氮残留量和氮盈余量。综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮残留和土壤表观氮平衡等,秸秆还田配施168 kg·hm^-2氮肥更利于维持小麦产量和保护生态环境。

关键词: 小麦, 秸秆还田, 施氮量, 产量构成要素, 籽粒蛋白质含量, 地上部吸氮量, 土壤硝态氮, 土壤氮素平衡

Abstract:

【Objective】A seven-year location-fixed field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of combining straw returning with chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on wheat yield, grain protein content, aboveground N uptake, soil nitrate-N (NO₃^--N) residue at harvest, and apparent N balance in winter wheat-summer maize rotation region of Shaanxi, so as to provide a reference for yield increase and N utilization.【Method】The experiment was arranged in a split block design with two main treatments and five subplots. The main treatments included maize straw returning to soil (straw returning) and removal straw from field (control), and the subplots included five N application rate, i.e., 0 (N0), 84 kg·hm^-2 (N84), 168 kg·hm^-2 (N168), 252 kg·hm^-2 (N252), and 336 kg·hm^-2 (N336).【Result】For wheat yield, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N (including N84, N168, N252, and N336) increased grain yield by 18%-29%. However, compared with N168, there was a risk of yield reduction under high N application rate (N336). Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on wheat yield. Compared with the control, the straw retuning increased grain yield by 5%-6% when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^-2, which was mainly due to the 5%-7% increase in the number of spikes. For grain protein, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N increased grain protein concentration by 16%-33%. For aboveground N uptake, there was no significant difference between straw returning and control. Compared with N0, applying fertilizer N increased aboveground N uptake by 36%-72%. Straw returning and N application rate had an interactive effect on aboveground N uptake. Compared with the control, the straw retuning increased aboveground N uptake by 5%-8% when N application rates were 252 and 336 kg·hm^-2. Compared with control, the straw returning increased the residual soil nitrate nitrogen by an average of 18%, and the increased nitrate nitrogen content was mainly distributed in the 70-170 cm soil layer. For N168 treatment, soil N was in the state of depletion in control, and soil N depletion was effectively compensated when straws were returned to the field. A further increase in N application rate would greatly increase N surplus, resulting in a larger environmental risks. Compared with control, applying fertilizer N had a greater contribution to N surplus.【Conclusion】Straw returning and applying fertilizer N had the ability to increase wheat yield and aboveground N uptake, while also increased residual NO₃^--N in soil and N surplus. Taking into account wheat yield, soil NO₃^--N residue, and apparent N balance, the strategy of straw returning combined with 168 kg·hm^-2 fertilizer N was beneficial to maintain wheat yield and to protect ecological environment.

Key words: wheat, straw returning, nitrogen application rate, yield component, grain protein concentration, aboveground nitrogen uptake, soil nitrate-nitrogen, soil nitrogen balance

王新媛,赵思达,郑险峰,王朝辉,何刚. 秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23): 5043-5053.

WANG XinYuan,ZHAO SiDa,ZHENG XianFeng,WANG ZhaoHui,HE Gang. Effects of Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(23): 5043-5053.

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项目 Item	籽粒产量 Grain yield	公顷穗数 Number of spike	穗粒数 Grain number of spike	千粒重 Thousand-grain weight	籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein	地上部吸氮量 N uptake	硝态氮残留 NO₃^--N residue
年 Year (Y)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
秸秆还田Straw returning (S)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	<0.05
氮肥用量 N rate (N)	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
Y×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Y×N	<0.01	<0.01	ns	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
S×N	<0.05	<0.05	ns	ns	ns	<0.05	<0.05
Y×S×N	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns