灌溉水温与施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤水热及棉花生长和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究膜下滴灌棉田土壤水热环境和棉花生长对灌溉水温与施氮量的响应机理，旨在确定北疆滴灌棉花合理的灌溉水温和施氮量。【方法】以新陆早42号棉花为试验材料，设置4个灌溉水温：15 ℃（T0）、20 ℃（T1）、25 ℃（T2）和30 ℃（T3）；3个施氮水平：250 kg·hm^-2（F1）、300 kg·hm^-2（F2）和350 kg·hm^-2（F3），采用双因素完全随机试验设计。分析不同灌溉水温条件下施氮量对棉田土壤水热环境、棉花生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】常规灌溉水温与低氮处理降低土壤温度，抑制棉花生长，单株铃数降低并导致籽棉产量下降。适宜的灌溉水温和施氮量可以改善土壤水热环境，促进棉花生长发育，提高籽棉产量和水氮利用效率。与15 ℃常规灌溉水温相比，增温灌溉显著提高了土壤温度0.58—3.30 ℃，土壤储水量降低1.2%—7.2%，土壤呼吸速率显著提高5.7%—28.0%；随灌溉水温升高，棉花株高、叶面积指数及地上部干物质积累量先增高后降低，在灌溉水温为25 ℃时达最大。随施氮量增加，土壤储水量降低3.3%—6.7%，土壤呼吸速率显著提高3.6%—9.5%，棉花株高增加3.2%—4.9%，叶面积指数显著增加5.8%—11.0%，地上部干物质积累量显著增加1.2%—2.2%，均在施氮量为350 kg·hm^-2时达最大。水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力及籽棉产量随灌溉水温升高均先增加后减少，随施氮量增加分别表现为增加、减少、增加的趋势。通径分析表明，土壤温度对籽棉产量直接作用最大，而施氮量通过促进棉花生长对籽棉产量间接作用最大。籽棉产量与水分利用效率均在T2F2处理达到最大值，分别为6 652.3 kg·hm^-2、1.17 kg·m^-3，且T2F2处理的氮肥偏生产力（22.17 kg·kg^-1）显著大于T2F3处理（18.80 kg·kg^-1）。【结论】综合考虑灌溉水温与施氮量对土壤温度，土壤呼吸速率，棉花生长、产量及水氮利用效率的影响，推荐北疆棉区适宜灌溉水温为25 ℃，施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 膜下滴灌, 棉花, 灌溉水温, 氮肥, 产量, 水肥利用效率, 北疆

Abstract:

【Objective】 The response mechanism of soil hydrothermal environment and cotton growth to irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application rate under mulched drip irrigation was explored to determine the reasonable irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application rate of drip irrigation cotton in northern Xinjiang.【Method】 A two-factor completely randomized experimental design was conducted with "Xinluzao 42" cotton as the experimental material with four irrigation water temperature levels (15 ℃ (T0), 20 ℃ (T1), 25 ℃ (T2), and 30 ℃ (T3)) and three nitrogen application levels (250 kg·hm^-2 (F1), 300 kg·hm^-2 (F2), and 350 kg·hm^-2 (F3)). The effects of nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal environment, cotton growth and yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency under different irrigation water temperature were analyzed.【Result】 The conventional irrigation water temperature and low nitrogen treatment reduced soil temperature, inhibited cotton growth, decreased boll number per plant and seed cotton yield. Suitable irrigation water and nitrogen application could improve the soil's hydrothermal environment, promote cotton growth and development, and improve seed cotton yield and water and nitrogen utilization. Compared with 15 ℃ of conventional irrigation water temperature, the warming irrigation significantly increased the soil temperature by 0.58-3.30 ℃, and soil water storage was reduced by 1.2%-7.2%, while soil respiration rate was significantly increased by 5.7%-28.0%; cotton plant height, leaf area index, and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation water temperature, and reached the maximum at 25 ℃. With increasing nitrogen application rate, soil water storage decreased by 3.3%-6.7%, soil respiration rate increased significantly by 3.6%-9.5%, cotton plant height increased significantly by 3.2%-4.9%, leaf area index increased significantly by 5.8%-11.0%, and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased significantly by 1.2%-2.2%, these indicators all reached the maximum under 350 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilizer application. Water use efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity, and seed cotton yield all increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation water temperature, and showed a trend of “increasing, decreasing, and increasing” with the increase of nitrogen application. The path analysis showed that soil temperature directly affected seed cotton yield, while nitrogen application indirectly affected seed cotton yield by promoting cotton growth. The seed cotton yield and water use efficiency reached the maximum under T2F2 treatment, which were 6 652.3 kg·hm^-2 and 1.17 kg·m^-3, respectively. But the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity was significantly greater under T2F2 treatment (22.17 kg·kg^-1) than that under T2F3 treatment (18.80 kg·kg^-1).【Conclusion】 Considering the effects of irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application on soil temperature, soil respiration rate, cotton growth, yield, and water and nitrogen utilization rate, a suitable combination of irrigation water temperature of 25 ℃ and nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm^-2 were recommended in northern Xinjiang.

Key words: mulched drip irrigation, cotton, irrigation water temperature, nitrogen fertilizer, yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency, Northern Xinjiang

何静, 王振华, 刘健, 马占利, 温越. 灌溉水温与施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤水热及棉花生长和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2): 319-335.

HE Jing, WANG ZhenHua, LIU Jian, MA ZhanLi, WEN Yue. Effects of Irrigation Water Temperature and Nitrogen Application Rate on Soil Hydrothermal Environment and Cotton Growth and Yield Under Mulched Drip Irrigation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2): 319-335.

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处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage (℃)	蕾期 Budding stage (℃)	花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage (℃)	吐絮期 Boll-opening stage (℃)
T0F1	27.65±0.15d	26.11±0.12e	25.77±0.13e	22.52±0.15d
T0F2	27.64±0.08d	26.29±0.18e	25.81±0.14de	22.64±0.14d
T0F3	27.70±0.18d	26.24±0.06e	25.99±0.17d	22.68±0.09d
T1F1	28.92±0.07c	27.20±0.20d	26.38±0.11c	23.15±0.11c
T1F2	29.11±0.14c	27.29±0.12d	26.52±0.10c	23.19±0.15c
T1F3	28.99±0.11c	27.37±0.20d	26.42±0.16c	23.23±0.13c
T2F1	29.58±0.07b	28.35±0.12c	27.56±0.07b	24.17±0.14b
T2F2	29.75±0.12b	28.44±0.07c	27.76±0.12b	24.09±0.10b
T2F3	29.62±0.05b	28.74±0.10b	27.64±0.08b	24.28±0.07b
T3F1	30.93±0.09a	29.35±0.12a	28.58±0.08a	25.15±0.12a
T3F2	30.91±0.13a	29.44±0.15a	28.69±0.05a	25.26±0.10a
T3F3	31.06±0.10a	29.39±0.12a	28.54±0.14a	25.30±0.15a
T0	27.66±0.13d	26.22±0.12d	25.86±0.15d	22.61±0.13d
T1	29.01±0.10c	27.29±0.17c	26.44±0.12c	23.19±0.13c
T2	29.65±0.08b	28.51±0.10b	27.65±0.09b	24.18±0.10b
T3	30.97±0.11a	29.39±0.13a	28.60±0.09a	25.24±0.13a
F1	29.27±0.09a	27.75±0.14b	27.07±0.10b	23.75±0.13b
F2	29.35±0.12a	27.87±0.13ab	27.20±0.10ab	23.79±0.12ab
F3	29.34±0.11a	27.94±0.12a	27.15±0.14a	23.87±0.11a
F值 F value
T	1364.832**	942.301**	985.718**	786.447**
F	ns	5.576*	3.459*	ns
T×F	ns	ns	ns	ns

因素 Factor	苗期 Seedling stage (mm)	蕾期 Budding stage (mm)	花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage (mm)	吐絮期 Boll-opening stage (mm)
T0	187.90±4.80a	196.83±6.31a	212.44±8.63a	153.87±6.33a
T1	186.82±3.47a	192.78±4.20ab	208.25±8.51ab	150.66±4.24a
T2	182.78±4.32a	187.50±6.50b	199.38±60.00b	148.19±8.81a
T3	184.93±9.19a	190.66±6.17ab	203.71±9.45ab	152.01±5.38a
F1	189.18±5.31a	196.15±5.12a	213.05±9.60a	152.25±6.75a
F2	184.96±4.31ab	191.71±7.24ab	206.03±9.53ab	151.80±6.37a
F3	182.68±6.71b	187.97±5.02b	198.76±5.31b	149.51±5.45a
F值 F value
T	ns	3.645*	3.707*	ns
F	ns	5.309*	7.933**	ns
T×F	ns	ns	ns	ns

因素 Factor	苗期 Seedling stage		蕾期 Budding stage		花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage		吐絮期 Boll-opening stage
因素 Factor	株高 Plant height (cm)	叶面积指数 LAI (cm²·cm^-2)	株高 Plant height (cm)	叶面积指数 LAI (cm²·cm^-2)	株高 Plant height (cm)	叶面积指数 LAI (cm²·cm^-2)	株高 Plant height (cm)	叶面积指数 LAI (cm²·cm^-2)
T0	24.93±1.36b	0.45±0.06b	57.78±0.52c	2.20±0.10d	74.44±0.66d	3.62±0.15c	74.02±0.63d	2.09±0.18d
T1	27.19±1.54a	0.50±0.06ab	58.34±0.61c	2.55±0.12c	76.37±0.84c	4.25±0.16b	76.09±0.75c	2.61±0.13c
T2	27.57±2.05a	0.56±0.09a	61.11±1.10b	3.23±0.08a	77.19±0.81b	4.67±0.17a	78.23±0.73b	3.19±0.23a
T3	28.70±1.87a	0.55±0.06b	61.96±0.65a	3.08±0.05b	79.23±0.74a	4.34±0.10b	79.19±0.87a	2.97±0.19b
F1	25.98±1.32b	0.51±0.04a	58.44±0.66c	2.63±0.09c	74.80±0.85c	4.00±0.15c	75.42±0.64c	2.62±0.17b
F2	28.10±1.96a	0.52±0.10a	61.19±0.94a	2.74±0.07b	78.47±0.71a	4.23±0.17b	78.18±0.87a	2.70±0.16ab
F3	27.21±1.83ab	0.52±0.07a	59.76±0.56b	2.93±0.09a	77.16±0.72b	4.43±0.12a	77.06±0.72b	2.83±0.21a
F值 F value
T	7.192**	4.332*	61.304**	236.276**	55.858**	72.438**	78.265**	57.920**
F	4.378*	ns	36.813**	32.269**	65.408**	24.173**	37.969**	3.747*
T×F	ns	ns	ns	ns	8.584**	ns	4.683**	ns

处理 Treatment	实际种植密度 Practical planting density (×10⁴·hm^-2)	茎 Stem (kg·hm^-2)	叶 Leaf (kg·hm^-2)	铃 Boll (kg·hm^-2)	群体干物质 Population dry matter (kg·hm^-2)
T0F1	20.74±0.08d	4352.9±109.3d	2763.0±98.1e	9444.7±135.8e	16560.6±188.7f
T0F2	20.70±0.04d	4358.2±62.3d	2810.4±120.3de	9503.1±65.0d	16671.7±184.7f
T0F3	20.73±0.04d	4368.8±159.5d	2927.4±44.5cde	9521.0±9.8d	16817.3±131.4f
T1F1	21.18±0.01c	4474.0±141.8d	3119.8±154.4bc	9835.7±25.6c	17429.5±222.5e
T1F2	21.18±0.05c	4538.5±145.2bcd	3125.5±102.9bc	9867.5±32.2abc	17531.5±277.1e
T1F3	21.25±0.01c	4599.5±85.7bcd	3214.8±105.9b	9909.4±25.5abc	17723.7±60.3e
T2F1	22.12±0.03b	4926.9±55.7abc	3228.8±67.3bc	10319.0±26.5abc	18474.7±114.7d
T2F2	22.12±0.04b	5024.2±60.5a	3256.0±67.7bc	10358.1±40.6ab	18638.3±84.7cd
T2F3	22.14±0.05b	5043.2±85.2a	3585.2±116.1a	10381.8±26.2a	19010.2±174.5bcd
T3F1	22.61±0.02a	4835.2±86.2cd	3021.2±88.8e	10484.1±26.6c	18340.4±95.4abc
T3F2	22.59±0.01a	5017.6±134.7abc	3240.5±92.7bcd	10497.8±10.6bc	18755.8±215.5ab
T3F3	22.61±0.02a	5051.4±65.6ab	3266.0±104.5bc	10551.9±18.8abc	18869.3±145.1a
T0	20.72±0.05d	4360.0±110.4c	2833.6±87.6c	9489.6±70.2d	16683.2±168.3c
T1	21.21±0.03c	4537.3±124.2b	3153.4±121.0b	9870.9±27.8c	17561.6±186.6b
T2	22.13±0.04b	4998.1±67.1a	3356.7±83.7a	10352.9±31.1b	18707.7±124.6a
T3	22.60±0.02a	4968.1±95.5a	3175.9±95.3b	10511.3±18.7a	18655.2±152.0a
F1	21.66±0.04a	4647.3±98.2b	3033.2±102.1b	10020.9±53.6b	17701.3±155.3c
F2	21.65±0.03a	4734.7±100.6ab	3108.1±95.9b	10056.6±37.1ab	17899.4±190.5b
F3	21.68±0.03a	4765.7±99.0a	3248.4±92.8a	10091.0±20.1a	18105.1±127.8a
F值 F value
T	4212.807**	17.025**	20.610**	42.171**	294.691**
F	ns	3.657*	13.716**	6.470**	17.055**
T×F	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

处理 Treatment	籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg·hm^-2)	单株有效铃数 Effective bolls per plant	单铃重 Single boll weight (g)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg·m^-3)	氮肥偏生产力 N_pfp (kg·kg^-1)
T0F1	5124.9±66.9i	6.3±0.2g	5.52±0.18d	0.90±0.03h	20.50±0.27e
T0F2	5476.2±23.5h	6.8±0.1f	5.99±0.11b	0.97±0.01g	18.25±0.08h
T0F3	5610.3±62.0g	7.2±0.1e	6.30±0.08a	0.99±0.02fg	16.03±0.18j
T1F1	5612.5±30.7g	7.4±0.2e	5.43±0.09d	0.98±0.02g	22.45±0.12c
T1F2	5981.4±57.5e	7.9±0.1d	5.73±0.05c	1.05±0.01de	19.94±0.19f
T1F3	6115.0±42.2d	8.1±0.3cd	5.86±0.06bc	1.08±0.02d	17.47±0.12i
T2F1	6049.1±43.1de	8.3±0.1bc	4.97±0.02f	1.06±0.01d	24.20±0.17a
T2F2	6652.3±62.0a	8.7±0.4ab	5.18±0.12e	1.17±0.02a	22.17±0.21c
T2F3	6581.5±71.9a	8.9±0.1a	5.22±0.13e	1.16±0.02ab	18.80±0.21g
T3F1	5837.0±56.6f	8.3±0.2bc	4.75±0.11g	1.03±0.02ef	23.35±0.23b
T3F2	6266.6±70.2c	8.5±0.4abc	4.94±0.06f	1.11±0.03c	20.89±0.23d
T3F3	6426.1±64.7b	8.6±0.4ab	5.17±0.11e	1.14±0.01bc	18.36±0.18h
T0	5403.8±50.8d	6.7±0.2c	5.94±0.12a	0.95±0.02d	18.26±0.17d
T1	5903.0±43.5c	7.8±0.2b	5.67±0.07b	1.04±0.02c	19.95±0.14c
T2	6427.7±59.0a	8.6±0.2a	5.12±0.09c	1.13±0.02a	21.72±0.20a
T3	6176.6±63.8b	8.5±0.3a	4.95±0.09d	1.09±0.02b	20.86±0.22b
F1	5655.9±49.3c	7.56±0.2c	5.17±0.10c	0.99±0.02b	22.62±0.20a
F2	6094.1±53.3b	7.9±0.2b	5.46±0.08b	1.08±0.02a	20.31±0.18b
F3	6183.2±60.2a	8.2±0.2a	5.64±0.01a	1.09±0.02a	17.67±0.17c
F值 F value
T	545.393**	127.112**	181.520**	137.797**	549.981**
F	301.292**	21.334**	64.845**	86.902**	2056.506**
T×F	4.219**	ns	3.724**	ns	6.158**