基于耕地承载力的十堰市畜禽养殖环境风险评价

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】十堰市是南水北调中线工程的核心水源区，全面认识畜禽养殖污染现状及其对耕地的潜在威胁，为加强畜禽粪便风险管控提供依据。【方法】运用畜禽粪便环境风险评价模型，对十堰市各县（区、市）2020年主要畜禽粪便来源结构进行定量分析，并从种养平衡视角对其环境风险进行综合评价。【结果】十堰市2020年主要畜禽养殖粪便猪粪当量达306.85×10⁴ t，且主要分布于郧阳区、丹江口市和房县，粪便中有机物的化学需氧量（COD）最大（57.00×10⁴ t），总氮（TN）（2.63×10⁴ t），总磷（TP）含量较少（0.65×10⁴ t）。十堰市畜禽养殖等标污染负荷总量为15.532×10¹⁰ m³，且在不同地区的来源结构差异明显，TP是畜禽养殖的首要污染物，其污染等标负荷占负荷总量的41.68%，其次为TN，污染负荷率为33.85%，COD的等标污染负荷率最小，为24.47%。养牛是十堰地区畜禽养殖面源污染的首要污染源，对等标污染负荷总量的贡献率达49.47%，其次为家禽（21.60%）。环境污染风险评价结果显示，全市单位耕地畜禽粪便负荷强度为10.15 t·hm^-2，警报值为0.338，分级指数为Ⅰ，对环境构成污染的威胁为“无”。TN、TP的负荷强度分别为0.09和0.02 t·hm^-2，环境风险指数为1.023和1.223，但区域间存在明显的空间分异特征。全市有超过1/2地区存在潜在的畜禽养殖污染风险，其中以茅箭区和郧阳区最为突出。以磷（P）为衡量标准，十堰市养殖总量须在现有基础上消减98.51万头猪当量。【结论】保持合理的畜禽养殖规模（≤441.00万头猪当量），同时做好污染物消减措施，对促进十堰市种养平衡和畜禽养殖业有序发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 十堰市, 耕地承载力, 畜禽粪便, 耕地负荷, 环境风险

Abstract:

【Objective】 Shiyan city was the core water source area of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, a comprehensive understanding of the current situation of livestock and poultry pollution and its potential threat to farmland would provide a basis for strengthening environmental risk control. 【Method】This paper used the livestock manure environmental risk assessment model to quantitatively analyze the source structure of livestock and poultry manure in different areas of Shiyan city in 2020, and the environmental risk from the perspective of the balance between planting and raising was comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】 The total amount of livestock and poultry manure reached 306.85×10⁴ t in 2020, and it was mainly distributed in Yunyang district, Danjiangkou city and Fangxian county. COD production was the highest (57.00×10⁴ t), followed by TN (2.63×10⁴ t), and TP production was less (0.65×10⁴ t). The total equivalent standard pollution load was 15.532×10¹⁰ m³, and the source structure was obviously inconsistent in different regions. TP was the primary pollutant in livestock and poultry breeding, and its equivalent standard pollution load accounts for 41.68% of the total load, followed by TN with the pollution load rate of 33.85%, and the lowest equivalent standard pollution load rate of COD was 24.47%. Cattle was the primary source of non-point source pollution in livestock and poultry production in Shiyan city, contributing 49.47% to the total pollution load of the equivalent standard, followed by poultry (21.60%). According to the result of environmental pollution risk assessment, the load of animal excretion per hectare of arable land in Shiyan city was 10.15 t·hm^-2, the alarm value was 0.338 and the risk level was Ⅰ, indicating the environmental pollution was “no risk”. The load intensity of TN and TP was 0.09 and 0.02 t·hm^-2, respectively, and the environmental risk index was 1.023 and 1.223, respectively, but there were obvious spatial differences among regions. More than half of the whole city had the potential pollution risk of livestock and poultry breeding, among which Maojian district and Yunyang District were the most serious. With phosphorus as the measurement standard, the total amount of breeding in Shiyan city was close to saturation, the total amount of livestock and poultry must be reduced by 98.51×10⁴ pigs equivalent on the existing basis.【Conclusion】It was of great significance to maintain a reasonable scale of poultry breeding (≤441.00×10⁴ pigs equivalent) and take measures of pollutant abatement, in order to promote the balance of planting and breeding and orderly development of livestock and poultry breeding in Shiyan city.

Key words: Shiyan city, arable land carrying capacity, livestock and poultry manure, cropland load, environmental risk

龚世飞, 肖能武, 丁武汉, 居学海, 吴平华, 余永松, 李虎. 基于耕地承载力的十堰市畜禽养殖环境风险评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(5): 920-934.

GONG ShiFei, XIAO NengWu, DING WuHan, JU XueHai, WU PingHua, YU YongSong, LI Hu. Environmental Risks Assessment of Livestock and Poultry Non- Point Source Pollution in Shiyan City Based on Arable Land Carrying Capacity[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(5): 920-934.

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警报值 Alarm value	分级指数 Classification	对环境构成污染的威胁 Environmental risk
≤0.4	Ⅰ	无 No risk
0.4-0.7	Ⅱ	稍有 A little risk
0.7-1.0	III	有 Risky
1.0-1.5	Ⅳ	较严重 Medium risk
1.5-2.5	Ⅴ	严重 Severe risk
>2.5	Ⅵ	很严重 Extremely serious risk

畜禽种类 Livestock and poultry species	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)	污染物年输出系数 Pollutant output coefficient				猪粪当量换算系数 Equivalent conversion coefficient of livestock and poultry manure
畜禽种类 Livestock and poultry species	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)	粪便Manure (kg·a^-1)	TN (kg·a^-1)	TP (kg·a^-1)	COD (kg·a^-1)
猪 Pig	69.47	1122.00	36.51	4.84	302.24	1.00
牛 Cow	21.39	8402.30	65.93	10.52	2411.40	0.50
羊 Sheep	80.14	868.70	24.10	5.14	0.46	1.03
家禽 Poultry	1270.51	43.80	1.16	0.23	20.50	1.21

县（区、市） County (district, city)	养殖规模 Farming scale (×10⁴)				耕地面积 Agricultural acreage (×10⁴hm²)
县（区、市） County (district, city)	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	耕地面积 Agricultural acreage (×10⁴hm²)
郧阳区Yunyang	21.06	6.60	17.33	233.66	4.544
郧西县Yunxi	9.28	2.73	16.38	137.57	4.548
竹山县Zhushan	9.36	2.82	7.35	169.51	6.664
竹溪县Zhuxi	9.55	2.82	5.47	84.72	6.323
房县Fang county	10.33	1.87	27.09	191.12	3.710
丹江口市Danjiangkou	9.13	4.46	5.22	424.21	4.149
茅箭区Maojian	0.39	0.05	0.81	17.00	0.103
张湾区Zhangwan	0.37	0.04	0.50	12.72	0.204
十堰市Shiyan	69.47	21.39	80.14	1270.51	30.240

污染指标 Pollution indicator	畜禽种类Livestock and poultry species				合计 Total	负荷强度 Load intensity (t·hm^-2)
污染指标 Pollution indicator	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	合计 Total	负荷强度 Load intensity (t·hm^-2)
粪便量Fecal production (×10⁴ t)	77.95	179.73	69.62	55.65	382.94
猪粪当量Equivalent of pig manure (×10⁴ t)	77.95	89.86	71.71	67.33	306.85	10.15
TN (×10⁴ t)	0.29	1.08	0.63	0.64	2.63	0.09
TP (×10⁴ t)	0.08	0.29	0.15	0.13	0.65	0.02
COD (×10⁴ t)	4.80	39.98	0.02	12.20	57.00	1.88

污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	污染源 Pollutant source				P_in (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_in
污染物 Pollutant	负荷系数 Load factor	猪Pig	牛Cow	羊Sheep	家禽Poultry	P_in (×10¹⁰ m³)	K_in
TN	P_ij (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.584	2.152	1.252	1.271	5.258
TN	K_ij	0.1110	0.4093	0.2381	0.2416		0.3385
TP	P_ij(×10¹⁰ m³)	0.834	2.866	1.504	1.271	6.474
TP	K_ij	0.1288	0.4427	0.2322	0.1963		0.4168
COD	P_ij (×10¹⁰ m³)	0.320	2.665	0.001	0.813	3.800
COD	K_ij	0.0842	0.7015	0.0003	0.2140		0.2447
	P_nj (×10¹⁰ m³)	1.737	7.684	2.757	3.354	P=15.532
	K_nj	0.1119	0.4947	0.1775	0.2160	P=15.532