酸性土壤硝化作用对柑橘铵毒害的效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过监测铵态氮水平对不同pH土壤溶液的影响,结合对香橙砧木幼苗生长及生理指标的影响研究,阐述柑橘对铵态氮的响应过程,为酸性土壤中柑橘氮素优化管理提供理论支撑。【方法】试验为双因素设计,主处理为2种土壤,副处理为5个铵态氮水平。以酸性黄壤和石灰性紫色土为供试土壤,选用香橙砧木幼苗为试验材料,设置0（A0）、50（A50）、100（A100）、200（A200）、400 mg·kg^-1（A400）5个铵态氮水平,研究施铵态氮水平对土壤溶液铵态氮、硝态氮浓度变化及对柑橘生长、根系形态及活力、氮素吸收代谢、抗氧化酶系统和丙二醛含量的影响。【结果】与石灰性土壤相比,酸性土壤硝化过程减缓,其土壤溶液中铵态氮浓度和铵硝比在试验30 d时仍维持较高水平。与A0处理相比,A400处理的柑橘根长降低13%,且根系活力与铵态氮水平呈显著负相关。叶片和根系的丙二醛含量与铵态氮水平呈正相关,并激发了氧化应激反应,尤其增加了叶片POD酶活性。与石灰性土壤相比,酸性土壤中柑橘总氮积累降低17.6%,但叶片和根系中铵硝比分别升高了27.2%和61.1%。聚类分析表明,酸性土壤中生长的柑橘在施氮量超过100 mg·kg^-1时受到毒害,碱性土壤中生长的柑橘则没有受到明显毒害。【结论】酸性土壤中,铵态氮施用过量引起土壤溶液中铵态氮长时间累积,造成丙二醛含量增加、细胞膜受损和氮代谢失调等铵毒害现象,表明柑橘铵毒害与土壤硝化作用密切相关。

关键词: 氮, 柑橘, 土壤溶液, 铵毒害, 抗氧化系统

Abstract:

【Objective】The response process of citrus to NH₄⁺-N was elaborated by observing the impact of NH₄⁺-N level on different pH soil solutions, combined with a study on the impact of orange rootstock seedling growth and physiological indicators, which provided theoretical support for the best citrus nitrogen management in acid soil. 【Method】 The experiment was designed as a two-factor experiment, with 2 soils as the main treatment and 5 N levels as the secondary treatment. Using acidic yellow soil and alkaline purple soil as the test soil, the seedlings of Xiangcheng (junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) were selected as the test material, and five NH₄⁺-N levels of 0 (A0), 50 (A50), 100 (A100), 200 (A200), and 400 mg·kg^-1 (A400) were set. The effects of ammonium application level on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in soil solution and on the biomass, root morphology, nitrogen absorption, antioxidant system, nitrogen metabolism, MDA content and root activity of citrus were studied. 【Result】 Compared with calcareous soil, the nitrification process in acid soil was slowed down. The NH₄⁺-N concentration and NH₄⁺/ NO₃^- ratio in the soil solution of acid soil remained at a higher level at 30 days of the test. The root length of the citrus under A400 treatment was reduced by 13% when compared with the A0 treatment, and the root vitality was significantly negatively correlated with the ammonium application level. The MDA content of leaves and roots was positively correlated with the ammonium level, which stimulated the oxidative stress response of the roots, especially increased the POD enzyme activity of the leaves. Compared with calcareous soil, the total nitrogen accumulation of citrus on acid soil decreased by 17.6%, while the ratio of ammonium to nitrate in leaves and roots increased by 27.2% and 61.1%, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that citrus in acidic soil was toxic when N application rate exceeded 100 mg kg^-1, while citrus in alkaline soil was not significantly stressed.【Conclusion】 In acidic soil, the excessive application of ammonium nitrogen caused the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in soil solution for a long time, resulting in the increase of MDA content, cell membrane damage and nitrogen metabolism disorders as well as other ammonium toxic phenomena, indicating that ammonium toxicity in citrus was closely related to soil nitrification.

Key words: nitrogen, citrus, soil solution, ammonium toxicity, antioxidant system

范子晗,罗雅尹,熊华烨,张育文,康福蓉,王昱桁,王洁,石孝均,张跃强. 酸性土壤硝化作用对柑橘铵毒害的效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(18): 3600-3612.

ZiHan FAN,YaYin LUO,HuaYe XIONG,YuWen ZHANG,FuRong KANG,YuHeng WANG,Jie WANG,XiaoJun SHI,YueQiang ZHANG. Effect of Nitrification on Ammonium Toxicity to Citrus in Acidic Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(18): 3600-3612.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I18/3600

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处理 Treatment	茎 Stem (g/pot)	叶 Leaf (g/pot)	地上部 Aboveground (g/pot)	根 Root (g/pot)	总生物量 Total biomass (g/pot)	根冠比 Root shoot ratio (%)
土壤类型Soil type
酸性土壤Acid soil	1.15 b	1.94 b	3.09 b	1.94 a	5.03 b	62.7 a
石灰性土壤Calcareous soil	1.70 a	2.06 a	3.76 a	1.98 a	5.74 a	53.0 a
施氮处理N treatment
A0	1.33 a	1.88 b	3.21 b	2.00 a	5.21 a	62.3 a
A50	1.41 a	2.04 ab	3.45 ab	1.94 a	5.39 a	56.2 a
A100	1.47 a	2.26 a	3.73 a	2.04 a	5.77 a	54.7 a
A200	1.55 a	1.92 b	3.47 ab	1.95 a	5.42 a	56.2 a
A400	1.39 a	1.92 b	3.31 ab	1.88 a	5.19 a	56.8 a
变异来源Source of variation
施氮处理N treatment (N)	ns	***	***	ns	***	***
土壤类型Soil type (S)	***	***	***	ns	***	ns
施氮×土壤类型N×S	ns	***	***	ns	***	ns

处理 Treatment	根长 Root length (cm/plant)	根表面积 Root area (cm²/plant)	根体积 Root volume (cm³/plant)	平均根直径 Mean root diameter (mm)
土壤类型Soil type
酸性土壤Acid soil	459 a	73.4 a	1.15 a	0.60 a
石灰性土壤Calcareous soil	378 b	72.2 a	1.00 a	0.55 a
施氮处理N treatment
A0	376 bc	78.9 a	1.34 a	0.58 a
A50	506 a	86.8 a	1.27 a	0.59 a
A100	476 ab	83.0 a	1.23 a	0.58 a
A200	410 abc	58.8 a	0.85 a	0.59 a
A400	327 c	56.6 a	0.76 a	0.53 a
变异来源Source of variation
施氮处理N treatment (N)	**	ns	ns	ns
土壤类型Soil type (S)	**	ns	ns	ns
施氮×土壤类型N×S	ns	ns	ns	ns

处理 Treatment	叶 Leaf					根 Root
处理 Treatment	丙二醛 MDA (μmol·g^-1)	过氧化氢酶 CAT (U·g^-1·min^-1)	抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	超氧化物歧化酶 SOD (U·g^-1)	过氧化物酶POD (U·g^-1·min^-1)	丙二醛 MDA (μmol·g^-1)	过氧化氢酶 CAT (U·g^-1·min^-1)	抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 APX (μmol·g^-1·min^-1)	超氧化物歧化酶 SOD (U·g^-1)	过氧化物酶POD (U·g^-1·min^-1)
土壤类型 Soil type
酸性土壤 Acid soil	13.7 a	125 a	3.98 a	1063 b	16277 a	12.2 a	48.9 b	1.99 a	1244 b	109 a
石灰性土壤 Calcareous soil	12.9 a	118 b	3.82 a	1188 a	15380 a	10.1 b	100 a	2.47 a	1306 a	84.5 b
施氮处理N treatment
A0	9.18 b	122 a	3.81 a	1147 ab	5046 e	8.19 b	68.4 a	1.73 b	1021 b	73.7 b
A50	10.6 b	119 a	4.12 a	1199 a	8421 d	10.1 a	77.7 a	2.50 a	1113 b	92.6 bc
A100	15.0 a	121 a	3.77 a	1127 ab	29420 a	11.9 ab	74.2 a	2.29 ab	1477 a	96.3 b
A200	15.8 a	121 a	4.03 a	1122 ab	22692 b	12.9 a	70.7 a	2.33 a	1353 a	123 a
A400	16.0 a	125 a	3.78 a	1033 b	13438 c	12.7 a	81.4 a	2.29 ab	1411 a	97.5 b
取样时间 Sample time
15 d	13.3 a	165 a	4.76 a	1267 a	14065 b	11.1 a	104 a	2.10 b	1384 a	85 b
30 d	13.2 a	77.7 b	3.05 b	984 b	17592a	11.2 a	45.1b	2.36 a	1166 b	109 a
变异来源Source of variation
施氮处理 N treatment (N)	***	ns	ns	***	***	***	ns	ns	***	***
土壤类型 Soil type (S)	ns	***	ns	***	ns	***	***	ns	***	ns
取样时间 Sample time (T)	ns	***	***	***	**	ns	***	***	***	**
施氮×土壤类型N×S	ns	ns	***	***	ns	*	ns	***	***	ns
施氮×取样时间N×T	*	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
取样时间×土壤类型 T×S	ns	***	***	ns	ns	ns	***	***	ns	ns
施氮×取样时间×土壤类型 N×T×S	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

处理 Treatment	叶 Leaf					根 Root
处理 Treatment	谷氨酰胺合成酶 GS (U·g^-1·min^-1)	谷氨酸合成酶 GOGAT (U·g^-1·min^-1)	谷氨酸脱氢酶 GDH (U·g^-1·min^-1)	天冬氨酸合成酶 AS (U·g^-1·min^-1)	硝酸还原酶 NR (U·g^-1·min^-1)	谷氨酰胺合成酶 GS (U·g^-1·min^-1)	谷氨酸合成酶 GOGAT (U·g^-1·min^-1)	谷氨酸脱氢酶 GDH (U·g^-1·min^-1)	天冬氨酸合成酶 AS (U·g^-1·min^-1)	硝酸还原酶 NR (U·g^-1·min^-1)
土壤类型Soil type
酸性土壤 Acid soil	149 b	204 a	484 a	287 b	8.99 b	64.3 a	385 b	1849 a	124 a	17.0 a
石灰性土壤Calcareous soil	186 a	107 b	279 b	307 a	7.99 a	49.3 b	645 a	1002 b	69.0 b	8.29 b
施氮处理N treatment
A0	127 b	169 a	448 a	201 b	13.8 a	41.6 b	645 a	1858 a	65.9 c	15.6 a
A50	164 ab	157 a	360 ab	189 b	4.93c	53.2 ab	577 a	1526 ab	69.5 c	15.4 a
A100	218 a	186 a	483 a	411 a	8.72 b	61.4 ab	601 a	1520 ab	85.7 bc	11.7 ab
A200	170 ab	152 a	360 ab	348 a	8.29 b	68.8 a	550 ab	1214 bc	117 ab	13.9 ab
A400	159 ab	114 a	257 b	335 a	6.75 bc	58.8 b	202 b	1010 c	145 a	6.78 b
取样时间Sample time
15 d	260a	201 a	446 a	312 a	7.64 b	76.9 a	855 a	1270 b	113 a	16.75 a
30 d	75b	110 b	317 b	282 b	9.39 a	36.6 b	175 b	1581 a	79.8 b	8.58 b
变异来源Source of variation
施氮处理N treatment (N)	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
土壤类型 Soil type(S)	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
取样时间 Sample time（T)	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
施氮×土壤类型N×S	***	***	ns	***	***	***	***	ns	***	***
施氮×取样时间N×T	**	***	***	***	***	**	***	***	***	***
取样时间× 土壤类型T×S	ns	***	***	ns	***	ns	***	***	ns	***
施氮×取样时间×土壤类型 N×T×S	**	***	***	**	***	**	***	***	**	***

处理 Treatment	叶 Leaf		根 Root
处理 Treatment	铵态氮NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1 FW)	硝态氮NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1 FW)	铵态氮NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1 FW)	硝态氮NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1 FW)
土壤类型Soil type
酸性土壤Acid soil	254 a	101 b	158 a	136 b
石灰性土壤Calcareous soil	261 a	132 a	181 a	251 a
施氮处理N treatment
A0	202 c	114 a	143 b	167 a
A50	231 bc	116 a	152 b	189 a
A100	295 a	86.6 b	199 a	187 a
A200	268 ab	132 a	200 a	203 a
A400	292 a	135 a	152 b	221 a
变异来源Source of variation
施氮处理N treatment (N)	***	*	**	***
土壤类型Soil type(S)	ns	**	***	ns
施氮×土壤类型N×S	***	ns	*	**