干旱灌区麦后复种绿肥与施氮水平对小麦光合性能与产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究绿肥还田对不同施氮水平下绿洲灌区小麦产量性能指标的影响,为建立基于绿肥与化学氮肥减量配施的小麦绿色生产模式提供理论指导。【方法】2018—2020年在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区进行裂区试验,主区设置单作小麦（W）和麦后复种毛叶苕子（W-G）2种种植模式;副区为5种施氮水平,分别为不施氮肥（N₀）、55%氮肥（N₁）、70%氮肥（N₂）、85%氮肥（N₃）、100%氮肥（N₄）,其中100%氮肥为农户传统春小麦施氮水平180 kg·hm^-2。测定小麦全生育期叶面积指数、光合势、净同化速率以及成熟期籽粒产量及其构成因素,以期为该区优化小麦种植模式和施氮水平提供依据。【结果】麦后复种毛叶苕子（W-G）较单作小麦（W）显著提高小麦全生育期的平均叶面积指数（MLAI）和光合势（LAD）,提高幅度分别为9.5%—19.7%和9.7%—21.0%;适量减施氮肥有利于提高小麦MLAI和LAD,以N₃最突出,W-G-N₃处理较W-N₃和W-N₄处理MLAI分别提高4.1%—15.4%和8.8%—17.5%,总光合势分别提高4.6%—9.2%和16.8%—18.8%。麦后复种毛叶苕子降低了小麦全生育期的平均净同化率（MNAR）,较单作小麦降低幅度为17.7%—17.8%;W-G-N₃处理较W-N₃和W-N₄处理降低MNAR,幅度分别为16.4%—17.5%和26.5%—40.1%。麦后种植翻压毛叶苕子和适量减施氮肥提高了小麦籽粒产量,W-G-N₃处理较W-N₃及W-N₄处理分别增产6.9%—16.7%和7.9%—13.6%。灰色关联分析及相关性分析表明,麦后复种毛叶苕子且搭配适宜施氮量使作物高产主要是因为平均叶面积指数、总光合势及产量构成因素的协同提高。【结论】麦后复种毛叶苕子配施85%氮肥促进了营养器官生长,有利于籽粒库的建成、扩大和充实,从而获得高产。因此,W-G-N₃处理是绿洲灌区优化小麦产量性能指标而获得高产的理想种植模式及施氮水平。

关键词: 复种, 绿肥, 施氮水平, 春小麦, 产量性能

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of returning green manure to soil on wheat yield under different nitrogen application levels in oasis irrigation areas, which had important guiding significance for establishing a green wheat production pattern based on the combined application of green manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer. 【Method】 From 2018 to 2020, a split plot experiment was conducted in the Hexi oasis irrigation areas of Gansu province. The main plot was set up with two planting patterns of sole wheat (W) and multiple cropping hairy vetch after wheat harvest (W-G), and the sub-plot had 5 nitrogen levels, including no nitrogen application (N₀), 55% N (N₁), 70% N (N₂), 85% N (N₃), 100% N (N₄), among which 100% N was the conventional nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm^-2. The leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR) and grain yield at maturity stage and its constituent factors were measured during the whole growth period of wheat, in order to provide the basis for optimizing planting pattern and nitrogen application level in this area.【Result】Compared with W, W-G significantly increased the mean LAI and LAD during the whole growth period of wheat by 9.5%-19.7% and 9.7%-21.0%, respectively; The moderate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to increase the mean LAI and LAD of wheat, with N₃ being the most prominent. Compared with W-N₃ and W-N₄, W-G-N₃ increased mean LAI by 4.1%-15.4% and 8.8%-17.5%, respectively, and the total LAD increased by 4.6%-9.2% and 16.8%-18.8%, respectively. W-G reduced the mean NAR of the whole growth period of wheat, which was 17.7% and 17.8% lower than that of sole wheat, respectively. Compared with W-N₃ and W-N₄, W-G-N₃ reduced mean NAR by 16.4%-17.5% and 26.5%-40.1%, respectively. Planting over-pressing hairy vetch after wheat harvest and moderately reducing nitrogen fertilizer increased the grain yield of wheat. Compared with W-N₃ and W-N₄, W-G-N₃increased the yield by 6.9%-16.7% and 7.9%-13.6%, respectively. Grey correlation analysis and correlation analysis showed that multiple planting hairy vetch after wheat harvest and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer yield high crop yields were mainly due to the synergistic increase of mean LAI, total LAD and yield components.【Conclusion】The treatment of multiple cropping hairy vetch after wheat harvest combined with 85% N fertilizer treatment promoted the growth of vegetative organs, which was conducive to the establishment, expansion and enrichment of the grain bank, thereby obtaining high yields. Therefore, W-G-N₃ was an ideal planting pattern and nitrogen application level for optimizing wheat yield performance indicators in oasis irrigation areas to obtain high yields.

Key words: multiple cropping, green manure, nitrogen level, spring wheat, yield capability

麻碧娇, 苟志文, 殷文, 于爱忠, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 赵财, 柴强. 干旱灌区麦后复种绿肥与施氮水平对小麦光合性能与产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(18): 3501-3515.

BiJiao MA, ZhiWen GOU, Wen YIN, AiZhong YU, ZhiLong FAN, FaLong HU, Cai ZHAO, Qiang CHAI. Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure After Wheat Harvest and Nitrogen Application Levels on Wheat Photosynthetic Performance and Yield in Arid Irrigated Areas[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(18): 3501-3515.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.003

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I18/3501

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试验材料 Test material	年份 Year	播种日期 Sowing date (M-D)	收获（翻压）日期 Harvest (turned down) date (M-D)
春小麦 Spring wheat	2018	03-12	07-13
	2019	03-18	07-18
	2020	03-20	07-23
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch	2018	07-29	10-22
	2019	08-01	10-19
	2020	07-31	10-21

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N level	平均叶面积指数 Mean leaf area index	总光合势 Total leaf area duration	平均净同化率 Mean net assimilation rate (g·m^-2·d^-1)
2019	W-G	N₀	2.42f	194.60f	10.65cd
		N₁	2.79d	223.87d	9.52e
		N₂	3.00c	240.89c	8.73d
		N₃	3.57a	285.42a	6.79h
		N₄	3.50ab	278.23ab	8.19g
	W	N₀	2.06g	166.88g	12.57a
		N₁	2.51ef	201.25ef	10.39d
		N₂	2.67de	213.06de	10.88c
		N₃	3.43ab	272.87ab	8.23g
		N₄	3.28b	261.30b	11.33b
2020	W-G	N₀	2.34e	196.97e	9.16e
		N₁	2.70d	228.70d	9.08c
		N₂	2.82c	236.37c	8.67c
		N₃	3.29a	274.97a	7.49d
		N₄	3.20b	266.40b	8.70c
	W	N₀	1.80g	152.15g	12.18a
		N₁	2.22f	184.33f	10.49b
		N₂	2.32e	191.18ef	10.56b
		N₃	2.85c	235.39cd	8.96c
		N₄	2.80c	231.41cd	10.19b
显著性（P值） Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			**	**	**
施氮水平 N application rate (N)			**	**	**
种植模式×施氮水平C×N			NS	NS	*

年份 Year	种植模式 Cropping pattern	施氮水平 N level	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index	产量构成 Yield component
					单位面积穗数 Spike number per area (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)
					2019	W-G	N₀	7363.0cd	0.36b	817.4b	27.9ef	48.2fg
N₁	7455.0c	0.35b	827.8b	30.8de			49.9de
N₂	8132.3b	0.35b	884.8b	32.1cd			51.4c
N₃	9186.5a	0.42a	895.8a	40.5a			56.3a
N₄	8810.2ab	0.41a	903.4a	35.8bc			54.7b
W	N₀	5922.5e	0.28d	766.2c		25.1f	47.0g
	N₁	6722.1d	0.29cd	774.9c		31.1de	49.4ef
	N₂	7223.7cd	0.32bc	871.4c		34.1cd	48.0g
	N₃	8591.7ab	0.33bc	882.6a		38.8ab	51.2cd
	N₄	8511.6ab	0.36b	892.6a		35.0bcd	54.3b
2020	W-G	N₀	4319.6f	0.35d	814.3d	25.9g	48.7e
		N₁	6632.3d	0.39c	825.9d	35.0d	50.3d
		N₂	7206.2c	0.40bc	885.4bc	36.8b	51.2c
		N₃	8408.2a	0.43a	894.5ab	40.9a	55.6a
		N₄	8005.2a	0.40bc	905.3a	37.0b	52.8b
	W	N₀	4096.5f	0.36d	757.5f	23.0h	46.8f
		N₁	6124.5e	0.39c	775.9e	28.4f	48.2e
		N₂	6194.6e	0.40bc	876.5c	32.1e	47.1f
		N₃	7205.0c	0.41ab	885.5bc	37.3b	49.0e
		N₄	7400.7b	0.40bc	901.5a	35.9c	52.0c
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			*	**	**	**	**
施氮水平 N application rate (N)			**	**	**	**	**
种植模式×施氮水平C×N			NS	NS	**	NS	**

产量性能指标 Parameter of yield capability	籽粒产量 Grain yield	排序 Ranking
平均叶面积指数 Mean leaf area index	0.894	1
平均净同化率 Mean net assimilation rate	0.700	7
总光合势 Total leaf area duration	0.878	2
单位面积穗数 Kernel number per area	0.818	5
穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	0.836	3
千粒重 Thousand kernel weight	0.821	4
收获指数 Harvest index	0.762	6