中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (18): 3501-3515.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.18.003

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

干旱灌区麦后复种绿肥与施氮水平对小麦光合性能与产量的影响

麻碧娇(),苟志文,殷文(),于爱忠(),樊志龙,胡发龙,赵财,柴强   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-27 接受日期:2022-03-02 出版日期:2022-09-16 发布日期:2022-09-22
  • 联系方式: 麻碧娇,E-mail: 2563730403@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划子项目(2021YFD1700202-02);国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃省高等学校科研项目(2021B-134);甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR5RA025);甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10);甘肃省重点人才项目(204197083016)

Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure After Wheat Harvest and Nitrogen Application Levels on Wheat Photosynthetic Performance and Yield in Arid Irrigated Areas

BiJiao MA(),ZhiWen GOU,Wen YIN(),AiZhong YU(),ZhiLong FAN,FaLong HU,Cai ZHAO,Qiang CHAI   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2021-11-27 Accepted:2022-03-02 Published:2022-09-16 Online:2022-09-22

摘要:

【目的】探究绿肥还田对不同施氮水平下绿洲灌区小麦产量性能指标的影响,为建立基于绿肥与化学氮肥减量配施的小麦绿色生产模式提供理论指导。【方法】2018—2020年在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区进行裂区试验,主区设置单作小麦(W)和麦后复种毛叶苕子(W-G)2种种植模式;副区为5种施氮水平,分别为不施氮肥(N0)、55%氮肥(N1)、70%氮肥(N2)、85%氮肥(N3)、100%氮肥(N4),其中100%氮肥为农户传统春小麦施氮水平180 kg·hm-2。测定小麦全生育期叶面积指数、光合势、净同化速率以及成熟期籽粒产量及其构成因素,以期为该区优化小麦种植模式和施氮水平提供依据。【结果】麦后复种毛叶苕子(W-G)较单作小麦(W)显著提高小麦全生育期的平均叶面积指数(MLAI)和光合势(LAD),提高幅度分别为9.5%—19.7%和9.7%—21.0%;适量减施氮肥有利于提高小麦MLAI和LAD,以N3最突出,W-G-N3处理较W-N3和W-N4处理MLAI分别提高4.1%—15.4%和8.8%—17.5%,总光合势分别提高4.6%—9.2%和16.8%—18.8%。麦后复种毛叶苕子降低了小麦全生育期的平均净同化率(MNAR),较单作小麦降低幅度为17.7%—17.8%;W-G-N3处理较W-N3和W-N4处理降低MNAR,幅度分别为16.4%—17.5%和26.5%—40.1%。麦后种植翻压毛叶苕子和适量减施氮肥提高了小麦籽粒产量,W-G-N3处理较W-N3及W-N4处理分别增产6.9%—16.7%和7.9%—13.6%。灰色关联分析及相关性分析表明,麦后复种毛叶苕子且搭配适宜施氮量使作物高产主要是因为平均叶面积指数、总光合势及产量构成因素的协同提高。【结论】麦后复种毛叶苕子配施85%氮肥促进了营养器官生长,有利于籽粒库的建成、扩大和充实,从而获得高产。因此,W-G-N3处理是绿洲灌区优化小麦产量性能指标而获得高产的理想种植模式及施氮水平。

关键词: 复种, 绿肥, 施氮水平, 春小麦, 产量性能

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of returning green manure to soil on wheat yield under different nitrogen application levels in oasis irrigation areas, which had important guiding significance for establishing a green wheat production pattern based on the combined application of green manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer. 【Method】 From 2018 to 2020, a split plot experiment was conducted in the Hexi oasis irrigation areas of Gansu province. The main plot was set up with two planting patterns of sole wheat (W) and multiple cropping hairy vetch after wheat harvest (W-G), and the sub-plot had 5 nitrogen levels, including no nitrogen application (N0), 55% N (N1), 70% N (N2), 85% N (N3), 100% N (N4), among which 100% N was the conventional nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm-2. The leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR) and grain yield at maturity stage and its constituent factors were measured during the whole growth period of wheat, in order to provide the basis for optimizing planting pattern and nitrogen application level in this area.【Result】Compared with W, W-G significantly increased the mean LAI and LAD during the whole growth period of wheat by 9.5%-19.7% and 9.7%-21.0%, respectively; The moderate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to increase the mean LAI and LAD of wheat, with N3 being the most prominent. Compared with W-N3 and W-N4, W-G-N3 increased mean LAI by 4.1%-15.4% and 8.8%-17.5%, respectively, and the total LAD increased by 4.6%-9.2% and 16.8%-18.8%, respectively. W-G reduced the mean NAR of the whole growth period of wheat, which was 17.7% and 17.8% lower than that of sole wheat, respectively. Compared with W-N3 and W-N4, W-G-N3 reduced mean NAR by 16.4%-17.5% and 26.5%-40.1%, respectively. Planting over-pressing hairy vetch after wheat harvest and moderately reducing nitrogen fertilizer increased the grain yield of wheat. Compared with W-N3 and W-N4, W-G-N3increased the yield by 6.9%-16.7% and 7.9%-13.6%, respectively. Grey correlation analysis and correlation analysis showed that multiple planting hairy vetch after wheat harvest and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer yield high crop yields were mainly due to the synergistic increase of mean LAI, total LAD and yield components.【Conclusion】The treatment of multiple cropping hairy vetch after wheat harvest combined with 85% N fertilizer treatment promoted the growth of vegetative organs, which was conducive to the establishment, expansion and enrichment of the grain bank, thereby obtaining high yields. Therefore, W-G-N3 was an ideal planting pattern and nitrogen application level for optimizing wheat yield performance indicators in oasis irrigation areas to obtain high yields.

Key words: multiple cropping, green manure, nitrogen level, spring wheat, yield capability