有机肥替代部分化肥对椪柑生长、品质及土壤特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过有机肥替代等养分化肥对椪柑生长、产量、品质及土壤特性的影响研究,提出适宜的有机肥替代量,为柑橘化肥减量与提质增效技术提供理论依据。【方法】以15年生枳砧台湾椪柑为试验材料,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（FP）、有机肥替代氮、磷、钾肥的比例分别为10%、25%、18%（T1）、有机肥替代氮、磷、钾肥的比例分别为15%、38%、27%（T2）、有机肥替代氮、磷、钾肥的比例分别为20%、51%、36%（T3）、有机肥替代氮、磷、钾肥的比例分别为30%、76%、54%（T4）,共6个处理,除CK外,各施肥处理的氮、磷、钾养分一致,2019—2020年连续两年系统研究等养分有机肥替代化肥对椪柑当年生叶片、花、果等的干物质量积累、产量与品质、土壤理化性质、土壤碳排放与硝态氮淋失的影响。【结果】（1）两年试验施肥处理的椪柑春、秋梢叶片,花和果实的干物质量变化趋势类似,即随有机肥替代比的增加呈先升后降的趋势,且总体上T1和T2处理更有利于叶片、花和果干物质量的积累。2019和2020年各有机肥替代处理的产量分别较FP处理增加了7.2%—26.4%和2.0%—36.9%;（2）与FP相比,2020年各有机肥替代处理的可溶性固形物显著增长了7.4%—9.8%,其他品质指标也有提升,且以T2和T3处理的效果较好;（3）2020年各有机肥替代处理的土壤pH和有机质含量较FP分别显著提高了4.6%—12.6%和16.4%—25.1%;（4）与FP相比,有机含量替代处理的土壤碳排放通量平均提高了20.1%、土层硝态氮含量减少了13.9%,且随有机肥替代比的增加,硝态氮向深层土壤的迁移量越小;（5）通过主成分分析及对主要指标进行综合评分,各处理得分从高到低顺序为T3、T2、T4、T1、FP、CK。【结论】本试验条件下以T3处理效果最佳,兼顾树体生长发育、土壤良好理化特性和果实优质丰产,并能一定程度减轻土层硝态氮淋失的风险。

关键词: 椪柑, 有机肥替代部分化肥, 产量, 品质, 碳排放, 硝态氮淋失

Abstract:

【Objective】Through systematical research focused on the effects of different organic fertilizer substitutions on growth, yield and quality, physicochemical properties of soil and orchard environment of ponkan under equal nutrient, it could be provided the suitable amount of organic fertilizer substitution for the scientific application of organic fertilizer and theoretical basis for enlarging high quality of citrus.【Method】The 15-year-old Taiwan ponkan grafted on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) was used as experimental materials. Six different treatments were performed, including no fertilization (CK), single chemical fertilizer (FP), substitution 10% of nitrogen (N), 25% of phosphorus (P), 18% of potassium (K) (T1), substitution 15% of N, 38% of P, 27% of K (T2), substitution 20% of N, 51% of P, 36% of K (T3), substitution 30% of N, 76% of P, 54% of K (T4). The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient content of treatment except CK was consistent with research into the effects of different organic fertilizer substitution on the accumulation of citrus branches, leaves and fruits of dry matter in that year, fruit yield and quality, physicochemical properties of soil, carbon emissions and nitrogen leaching in 2019 and 2020.【Result】(1) The two-year’s research showed similar trends in growth indicators, such as spring and autumn leaf, fruit and flower of dry matter, with the growth of organic fertilizer substitution showing a trend of first rise and then decrease. On the whole, T1 and T2 treatment were beneficial to accumulate ponkan dry matters of leaf, fruit and flower. In 2019 and 2020, the yield of each organic fertilizer substitution treatment increased by 7.2% to 26.4% and 2.0% to 36.9%, respectively. (2) The soluble solids treated by organic fertilizer substitution treatment increased significantly by 7.4% to 9.8% compared with FP in 2020. Among other quality, T2 and T3 were better on the whole. (3) Each organic fertilizer substitution treatment of soil physicochemical properties promoted compared under FP in 2019 and 2020. The soil pH and organic matter treated by organic fertilizer will be significantly increased by 4.6% to 12.6% and 16.4% to 25.1%, respectively. (4) Compared with FP, each organic fertilizer substitution treatment of soil carbon flux was higher by 20.1%, while which of nitrous nitrogen was lower by 13.9%. With the increase of organic substitution ratio, the migration of nitrous nitrogen to deep soil was lower. (5) Through the analysis of the principal component and the comprehensive score of research index on ponkan’s growth, yield and quality, physicochemical properties of soil and environment, the score was sorted as T3>T2>T4>T1>FP>CK.【Conclusion】T3 (organic fertilizer replacement 20% of N, 51% of P, 36% of K) was the best under this research, and this treatment was not only beneficial to the growth and development of citrus trees, but also conducive to the formation of good physical, chemical characteristics of the soil and fruit high-quality yield, to a certain extent, to reduce the risk of greenhouse gas emission and soil nitrogen leaching.

Key words: ponkan, organic fertilizer replacement, fruit yield, fruit quality, carbon emission, NO₃^--N leaching

万连杰,何满,李俊杰,田洋,张绩,郑永强,吕强,谢让金,马岩岩,邓烈,易时来. 有机肥替代部分化肥对椪柑生长、品质及土壤特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(15): 2988-3001.

WAN LianJie,HE Man,LI JunJie,TIAN Yang,ZHANG Ji,ZHENG YongQiang,LÜ Qiang,XIE RangJin,MA YanYan,DENG Lie,YI ShiLai. Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizer by Organic Fertilizer on Ponkan Growth and Quality as well as Soil Properties[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(15): 2988-3001.

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处理 Treatment	有机肥配施量 Amount of organic fertilizer (kg/plant)	有机肥替代化肥比例 Organic fertilizer substitution ratio (%)			有机肥纯养分 Organic fertilizer pure nutrients（kg/plant）			化肥纯养分 Chemical fertilizer pure nutrients（kg/plant）
处理 Treatment	有机肥配施量 Amount of organic fertilizer (kg/plant)	N	P	K	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CK	0.0	-	-	-	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
FP	0.0	0	0	0	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.705	0.480	0.520
T1	5.0	10	25	18	0.071	0.122	0.094	0.634	0.358	0.426
T2	7.5	15	38	27	0.106	0.183	0.141	0.599	0.297	0.379
T3	10.0	20	51	36	0.141	0.244	0.188	0.564	0.236	0.332
T4	15.0	30	76	54	0.212	0.367	0.282	0.493	0.113	0.238

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	L	a	b	a/b	果型指数 Shape index	果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness (mm)
2019	CK	-25.09±0.26a	19.65±1.08c	40.40±1.49b	0.49±0.02b	0.88±0.06a	4.18±0.06a
	FP	-25.05±0.29a	21.72±1.11b	42.60±0.57a	0.51±0.03ab	0.86±0.04a	4.13±0.06a
	T1	-24.79±0.81a	22.31±0.84ab	42.96±1.81a	0.52±0.01ab	0.91±0.07a	4.13±0.23a
	T2	-24.35±0.43a	22.71±0.72ab	43.68±0.23a	0.52±0.02ab	0.91±0.07a	4.07±0.11a
	T3	-24.68±0.45a	23.74±1.01a	43.10±0.49a	0.55±0.02a	0.89±0.09a	3.99±0.10a
	T4	-24.63±0.91a	21.43±1.14b	42.13±0.80ab	0.51±0.04ab	0.90±0.04a	4.09±0.14a
2020	CK	-25.98±1.15b	23.63±0.53c	34.13±1.92b	0.69±0.05ab	0.88±0.06a	4.18±0.06a
	FP	-24.63±0.95ab	24.48±3.34bc	36.53±2.38ab	0.67±0.06b	0.83±0.05a	4.17±0.02a
	T1	-24.63±0.68ab	27.58±1.35ab	37.10±1.25ab	0.74±0.03ab	0.83±0.06a	4.14±0.06a
	T2	-23.00±0.45a	28.13±1.12a	38.65±1.47a	0.73±0.03ab	0.84±0.06a	4.11±0.06a
	T3	-23.80±0.65a	29.10±0.78a	37.58±0.73a	0.77±0.02a	0.86±0.03a	4.09±0.08a
	T4	-24.03±1.19a	27.50±2.64ab	36.68±1.76ab	0.75±0.09ab	0.89±0.08a	4.16±0.06a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	可溶性固形物 TSS (%)	可滴定酸 TA (%)	固酸比 TSS/TA	维生素C Vc (mg·L^-1)
2019	CK	9.50±0.19b	0.52±0.01a	18.21±0.35a	315.36±11.12a
	FP	10.08±0.47a	0.47±0.02ab	21.42±2.09ab	321.36±30.76a
	T1	10.20±0.35a	0.44±0.05b	23.38±2.94b	328.69±12.06a
	T2	10.23±0.47a	0.41±0.04b	24.92±2.96b	333.87±6.62a
	T3	10.38±0.24a	0.43±0.01b	23.95±1.01b	338.70±11.13a
	T4	10.36±0.26a	0.44±0.01b	23.84±1.31b	330.96±15.45a
2020	CK	9.48±0.24b	0.50±0.02a	19.05±0.92d	302.50±11.46c
	FP	9.73±0.15b	0.45±0.04ab	21.68±1.84cd	324.00±7.45b
	T1	10.45±0.17a	0.43±0.02bc	24.31±1.51bc	318.30±6.81b
	T2	10.58±0.13a	0.38±0.02c	28.02±1.96a	329.75±6.02b
	T3	10.68±0.19a	0.39±0.04c	27.70±2.70a	350.00±9.35a
	T4	10.63±0.15a	0.41±0.02bc	26.21±1.39ab	330.00±7.91b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	pH	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2019	CK	5.01±0.06a	44.24±0.56b	20.08±0.46c	88.80±5.71c	49.45±3.31c	188.50±1.62d
	FP	4.90±0.18a	44.60±0.68b	21.13±1.60bc	115.43±7.06b	51.84±0.81c	197.96±1.83c
	T1	4.98±0.15a	45.76±2.16ab	22.29±0.96ab	127.41±5.49a	59.42±5.84b	206.24±4.91b
	T2	5.05±0.17a	48.03±1.10a	23.87±1.01a	131.67±8.92a	67.81±1.97a	212.70±2.51a
	T3	5.11±0.13a	47.82±1.56a	24.20±1.19a	128.40±5.16a	69.12±1.28a	218.33±5.03a
	T4	5.18±0.18a	47.60±1.07a	24.35±1.15a	120.88±1.03ab	70.97±1.28a	214.46±2.92a
2020	CK	5.02±0.03bc	44.37±1.56b	19.52±0.90b	87.18±2.76c	47.65±3.91c	177.76±5.26c
	FP	4.85±0.14c	44.20±1.78b	20.80±0.79b	122.93±9.26b	54.15±5.07c	197.51±6.48b
	T1	5.07±0.14b	48.71±0.91a	24.22±1.24a	134.85±6.17ab	64.66±3.88b	206.38±5.33b
	T2	5.19±0.15b	50.21±1.86a	24.69±1.10a	142.23±8.50a	70.09±1.12ab	221.35±5.60a
	T3	5.22±0.11b	50.96±1.50a	25.36±0.91a	136.20±3.86a	77.33±4.76a	228.46±8.08a
	T4	5.46±0.08a	49.67±1.70a	26.01±0.84a	130.05±7.26ab	75.14±6.06a	225.40±7.27a

性状 Character	主成分1 Component 1	主成分2 Component 2	主成分3 Component 3	主成分4 Component 4
X₁春梢叶片干重 Dry matter of spring leaves (g/plant）	0.245	-0.270	-0.012	0.049
X₂秋梢叶片干重Dry matter of autumn leaves (g/plant）	0.225	-0.323	0.069	0.048
X₃果实干重Dry matter of fruits (g/plant)	0.270	-0.089	0.013	0.103
X₄花朵干重Dry matter of flower (g/plant）	0.210	-0.237	-0.002	0.133
X₅单果重 Single fruit weight (g）	0.259	0.031	-0.032	0.071
X₆产量Yield (kg/plant)	0.244	-0.193	-0.001	0.118
X₇果型指数 Shape index of fruit	0.033	0.220	0.490	0.721
X₈着色度 a/b of fruit	0.160	0.172	0.498	-0.145
X₉果皮厚度Pericarp thickness (mm)	-0.129	-0.096	-0.353	0.525
X₁₀固酸比 TSS/TA	0.260	0.030	-0.151	0.051
X₁₁可溶性固形物 TSS (%)	0.250	0.064	-0.230	-0.079
X₁₂ V_C(mg·L^-1)	0.208	0.079	0.395	-0.239
X₁₃ pH	0.143	0.444	-0.214	0.157
X₁₄土壤总孔隙度Total porosity of soil (%)	0.238	0.170	-0.254	-0.134
X₁₅有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	0.259	0.171	-0.125	0.107
X₁₆ 碱解氮Available N (mg·kg^-1)	0.264	-0.184	0.095	-0.043
X₁₇有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	0.258	0.223	-0.022	-0.006
X₁₈速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	0.265	0.094	-0.103	0.006
X₁₉ 7月份碳排放Soil carbon emission in July (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	0.210	0.298	-0.040	-0.085
X₂₀20-40 cm土层硝态氮含量 NO₃^--N content in 20-40 cm soil layer (mg·kg^-1)	0.186	-0.431	0.035	0.042
特征值Eigenvalue	12.516	2.533	1.145	1.028
贡献率Contribution ratio (%)	62.580	12.667	5.726	5.140
累积贡献率Cumulative contribution ratio (%)	62.58	75.25	80.97	86.11