中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (20): 4370-4384.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.011
收稿日期:
2020-11-23
接受日期:
2021-02-09
出版日期:
2021-10-16
发布日期:
2021-10-25
通讯作者:
何刚,王朝辉
作者简介:
米晓田,E-mail: 基金资助:
MI XiaoTian1(),SHI Lei2,HE Gang1(
),WANG ZhaoHui1(
)
Received:
2020-11-23
Accepted:
2021-02-09
Online:
2021-10-16
Published:
2021-10-25
Contact:
Gang HE,ZhaoHui WANG
摘要:
【目的】小农户在农业生产中投入的生产资料普遍过高,随种植业结构演变,肥料投入也势必会发生变化。明确小农户经营模式下粮食、油料和经济作物的施肥现状和经济效益,能为小农户作物生产的养分管理、肥料减施和经济效益提高提供参考。【方法】2018年对陕西省的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以粮食(小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子、马铃薯)、油料(油菜、大豆)、经济(苹果、西红柿、烤烟)作物为研究对象,共获得1 709份调研问卷。基于此调研结果,以产量水平为分类依据,分析小农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力和经济效益。【结果】小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子和马铃薯的平均产量分别为4.6、7.3、8.3、3.7和19.8 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为177、247、186、255和209 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为102、103、88、142和125 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为37、47、64、53和110 kg K2O·hm-2。油菜和大豆的平均产量分别为2.4和2.7 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为156和99 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为80和63 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为56和26 kg K2O·hm-2。苹果、西红柿和烤烟的平均产量分别为23.8、93.5和2.7 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为731、471和108 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为482、387和118 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为535、447和132 kg K2O·hm-2。对大多数作物,氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥施用过量与不足并存。粮食作物氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为28%—60%、52%—66%和11%—51%。油料作物油菜可减少氮磷钾肥料用量33%、37%和46%,然而大豆需增加磷钾肥用量11%、28%。苹果和西红柿等高产经济作物的氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为41%—67%、65%—70%和49%—64%。烤烟生产需减少磷肥53%,然而中、高产农户氮肥施用不足,分别需增施22%、11%。复合肥和单质肥是作物氮素的主要来源,复合肥是作物磷钾的主要来源。氮以基施为主、追施为辅,磷钾肥几乎全部作为基肥一次施用,鲜有追施。粮食、油料和经济作物的平均净经济效益分别0.44×104—1.63×104、0.75×104—0.84×104和4.19×104—15.05×104元/hm2,肥料占总投入比例分别为31%—52%、57%—59%和48%—65%。苹果、西红柿等高产经济作物的净经济效益远高于粮食和油料作物,成为小农户经营者的首选。然而,在经济作物生产中过量的肥料施用产生了巨大的环境风险。【结论】低中产组小农户是化肥减量和收益提升的主要对象,苹果、西红柿等经济作物的净经济效益高,但单位面积施肥量大、减肥潜力大。值得注意的是,农作物生产中也存在施肥不足的现象,例如大豆和烤烟。由此可见,小农户作物生产的肥料管理变异大,提高小农户的肥料管理水平有利于增加作物产量和经济效益、助力农业可持续发展。
米晓田,石磊,何刚,王朝辉. 陕西省小农户作物生产的减肥潜力及经济效益评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(20): 4370-4384.
MI XiaoTian,SHI Lei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui. Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(20): 4370-4384.
表1
作物100 kg经济产量需肥量"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 100 kg经济产量养分需求量 Nutrients requirement of 100 kg economic yield (kg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦Wheat[ | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
玉米 Maize[ | 1.74 | 0.32 | 1.53 | |
水稻Rice[ | 1.71 | 0.34 | 1.84 | |
谷子 Millet[ | 2.72 | 0.96 | 2.32 | |
马铃薯Potato [ | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | |
油料作物 Oil crop | 油菜Canola [ | 4.3 | 2.5 | 4.2 |
大豆Soybean [ | 7.2 | 1.7 | 4.0 | |
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果Apple[ | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
西红柿Tomato[ | 0.32 | 0.10 | 0.25 | |
烤烟Flue-cured tobacco [ | 3.5 | 1.4 | 4.8 |
表2
作物生产成本及2018年销售价格[10]"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 种子 Seed (yuan/hm2) | 农药 Pesticide (yuan/hm2) | 机械作业 Mechanical work (yuan/hm2) | 排灌 Irrigation (yuan/hm2) | 雇佣成本 Employ cost (yuan/hm2) | 售价 Price (yuan/kg) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦 Wheat | 978 | 302 | 2302 | 556 | — | 2.30 | |||||
玉米 Maize | 910 | 200 | 1667 | 724 | — | 1.82 | ||||||
水稻 Rice | 897 | 209 | 1662 | 558 | — | 2.57 | ||||||
谷子 Millet | 951 | 804 | 2863 | 310 | — | 2.59 | ||||||
马铃薯Potato | 2790 | 164 | 1688 | 0 | — | 0.88 | ||||||
油料作物 Oil crop | 油菜Canola | 636 | 201 | 667 | 246 | — | 5.16 | |||||
大豆Soybean | 516 | 76 | 1098 | 73 | — | 4.30 | ||||||
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果Apple | 0 | 2653 | 1429 | 698 | 8985 | 5.79 | |||||
西红柿Tomato | 3991 | 3408 | 1241 | 1326 | 5970 | 2.58 | ||||||
烤烟Flue-cured tobacco | 810 | 432 | 786 | 106 | 7200 | 24.50 |
表3
作物产量及施肥量"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 产量水平 Yield level | 等级范围 Yield range (t·hm-2) | 样本数 Sample amount | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | 施氮量 N rate (kg N·hm-2) | 施磷量 P rate (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 施钾量 K rate (kg K2O·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦 Wheat | 低产 Low | <4.0 | 100 | 3.2 c | 152 b | 112 a | 35 a |
中产 Mid | 4.0—5.2 | 103 | 4.5 b | 183 a | 95 a | 35 a | ||
高产 High | >5.2 | 109 | 5.8 a | 193 a | 99 a | 42 a | ||
玉米 Maize | 低产 Low | <6.8 | 224 | 5.3 c | 237 a | 85 c | 42 b | |
中产 Mid | 6.8—9.0 | 178 | 7.8 b | 257 a | 107 b | 43 b | ||
高产 High | >9.0 | 112 | 10.7a | 251 a | 132 a | 64 a | ||
水稻 Rice | 低产 Low | <7.4 | 24 | 6.4 c | 218 a | 63 b | 59 a | |
中产 Mid | 7.4—8.8 | 55 | 7.9 b | 178 b | 102 a | 55 a | ||
高产 High | >8.8 | 71 | 9.3 a | 182 b | 86 ab | 73 a | ||
谷子 Millet | 低产 Low | <2.7 | 10 | 0.8 c | 326 a | 105 a | 92 a | |
中产 Mid | 2.7—4.6 | 26 | 3.6 b | 233 b | 141 a | 34 b | ||
高产 High | >4.6 | 15 | 5.8 a | 247 b | 164 a | 60 ab | ||
马铃薯 Potato | 低产 Low | <15.8 | 80 | 11.9 c | 214 a | 139 a | 89 a | |
中产 Mid | 15.8—24.0 | 119 | 20.7 b | 216 a | 128 a | 121 a | ||
高产 High | >24.0 | 50 | 30.1 a | 186 a | 96 a | 117 a | ||
油料作物 Oil crop | 油菜 Canola | 低产 Low | <2.1 | 31 | 1.7 c | 139 b | 65 a | 34 b |
中产 Mid | 2.1—2.6 | 66 | 2.3 b | 141 b | 85 a | 59 a | ||
高产 High | >2.6 | 75 | 2.8 a | 175 a | 83 a | 62 a | ||
大豆 Soybean | 低产 Low | <2.6 | 24 | 1.7 c | 81 a | 71 a | 24 b | |
中产 Mid | 2.6—3.9 | 10 | 3.0 b | 135 a | 42 a | 15 b | ||
高产 High | >3.9 | 8 | 5.6 a | 89 a | 66 a | 44 a | ||
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果 Apple | 低产 Low | <19.7 | 70 | 11.5 c | 614 b | 412 b | 445 b |
中产 Mid | 19.7—34.8 | 61 | 27.0 b | 761 ab | 481 b | 545 ab | ||
高产 High | >34.8 | 32 | 44.4 a | 930 a | 636 a | 711 a | ||
西红柿 Tomato | 低产 Low | <86.0 | 17 | 59.8 c | 438 b | 339 b | 377 b | |
中产 Mid | 86.0—118.0 | 5 | 80.4 b | 311 b | 225 b | 348 b | ||
高产 High | >118.0 | 4 | 117.8 a | 812 a | 791 a | 870 a | ||
烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco | 低产 Low | <2.8 | 21 | 2.2 c | 101 b | 110 b | 101 c | |
中产 Mid | 2.8—3.6 | 4 | 3.3 b | 94 b | 113 b | 169 b | ||
高产 High | >3.6 | 5 | 4.1 a | 128 a | 153 a | 230 a |
表4
肥料种类、用量及其基追比"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 肥料种类 Fertilizer types | 氮肥 N fertilizer (kg N·hm-2) | 磷肥 P fertilizer (kg P2O5·hm-2) | 钾肥K fertilizer (kg K2O·hm-2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基肥 Basal fertilizer | 追肥 Topdressing | 基肥 Basal fertilizer | 追肥 Topdressing | 基肥 Basal fertilizer | 追肥 Topdressing | |||||||
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦 Wheat | 单质肥 ECF | 66 | 20 | 22 | 0 | 3 | 0 | ||||
复合肥 CF | 76 | 0 | 69 | 0 | 25 | 0 | ||||||
有机肥 OM | 15 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 10 | 0 | ||||||
总和 ALL | 157 | 20 | 102 | 0 | 38 | 0 | ||||||
玉米 Maize | 单质肥 ECF | 51 | 99 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||
复合肥 CF | 68 | 4 | 62 | 4 | 23 | 2 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 23 | 1 | 18 | 1 | 18 | 1 | ||||||
总和ALL | 142 | 104 | 97 | 6 | 44 | 3 | ||||||
水稻 Rice | 单质肥 ECF | 55 | 50 | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |||||
复合肥CF | 54 | 3 | 48 | 2 | 43 | 1 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 25 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 16 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 134 | 52 | 86 | 2 | 63 | 1 | ||||||
谷子 Millet | 单质肥 ECF | 73 | 94 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
复合肥CF | 31 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 13 | 0 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 57 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 39 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 161 | 94 | 141 | 0 | 53 | 0 | ||||||
马铃薯 Potato | 单质肥 ECF | 47 | 18 | 19 | 0 | 6 | 0 | |||||
复合肥CF | 70 | 3 | 63 | 3 | 53 | 3 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 54 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 43 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 171 | 21 | 119 | 3 | 102 | 3 | ||||||
油料作物 Oil crop | 油菜 Canola | 单质肥 ECF | 38 | 46 | 18 | 0 | 4 | 0 | ||||
复合肥CF | 53 | 2 | 51 | 1 | 37 | 1 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 15 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 12 | 1 | ||||||
总和ALL | 106 | 50 | 77 | 2 | 53 | 2 | ||||||
大豆 Soybean | 单质肥 ECF | 40 | 13 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
复合肥CF | 5 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 41 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 25 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 86 | 13 | 62 | 1 | 26 | 0 | ||||||
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果 Apple | 单质肥 ECF | 75 | 80 | 14 | 2 | 14 | 29 | ||||
复合肥CF | 359 | 166 | 19 | 1 | 5 | 138 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 49 | 2 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 483 | 248 | 45 | 3 | 19 | 167 | ||||||
西红柿 Tomato | 单质肥 ECF | 13 | 32 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 6 | |||||
复合肥CF | 159 | 83 | 159 | 56 | 161 | 176 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 184 | 31 | 149 | 39 | 91 | 45 | ||||||
总和ALL | 356 | 146 | 310 | 102 | 261 | 227 | ||||||
烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco | 单质肥 ECF | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
复合肥CF | 96 | 0 | 114 | 0 | 130 | 0 | ||||||
有机肥OM | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||||||
总和ALL | 104 | 0 | 118 | 0 | 132 | 0 |
表5
作物的减肥潜力"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 产量水平 Yield level | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | 氮肥N fertilizer | 磷肥P fertilizer | 钾肥K fertilizer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FP Rec (kg N·hm-2) | % | FP Rec (kg P2O5·hm-2) | % | FP Rec (kg K2O·hm-2) | % | |||||||
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦 Wheat | 低产Low | 3.2 | 152 | 90 | 41 | 112 | 34 | 70 | 35 | 23 | 34 |
适中Mid | 4.5 | 183 | 127 | 31 | 95 | 48 | 49 | 35 | 33 | 6 | ||
高产High | 5.8 | 193 | 164 | 15 | 99 | 61 | 38 | 42 | 42 | 0 | ||
玉米 Maize | 低产Low | 5.3 | 237 | 93 | 61 | 85 | 26 | 69 | 42 | 24 | 43 | |
适中Mid | 7.8 | 257 | 134 | 48 | 107 | 37 | 65 | 43 | 35 | 19 | ||
高产High | 10.7 | 251 | 186 | 26 | 132 | 51 | 61 | 64 | 49 | 23 | ||
水稻 Rice | 低产Low | 6.4 | 218 | 110 | 50 | 63 | 33 | 48 | 59 | 36 | 39 | |
适中Mid | 7.9 | 178 | 135 | 24 | 102 | 40 | 61 | 55 | 43 | 22 | ||
高产High | 9.3 | 242 | 160 | 12 | 131 | 48 | 44 | 73 | 52 | 29 | ||
谷子 Millet | 低产Low | 0.8 | 326 | 23 | 93 | 105 | 12 | 89 | 92 | 6 | 94 | |
适中Mid | 3.6 | 233 | 99 | 58 | 141 | 52 | 63 | 34 | 25 | 26 | ||
高产High | 5.8 | 247 | 158 | 36 | 164 | 84 | 49 | 60 | 40 | 33 | ||
马铃薯 Potato | 低产Low | 11.9 | 214 | 59 | 66 | 139 | 36 | 68 | 89 | 71 | 19 | |
适中Mid | 20.7 | 216 | 104 | 50 | 128 | 62 | 54 | 121 | 124 | -14 | ||
高产High | 30.1 | 186 | 151 | 18 | 96 | 90 | 17 | 117 | 181 | -47 | ||
油料作物 Oil crop | 大豆 Soybean | 低产Low | 1.7 | 81 | 60 | 25 | 71 | 43 | 40 | 24 | 20 | 18 |
适中Mid | 3.0 | 152 | 108 | 29 | 42 | 77 | -83 | 15 | 36 | -143 | ||
高产High | 5.6 | 89 | 203 | -128 | 66 | 143 | -119 | 44 | 68 | -55 | ||
油菜 Canola | 低产Low | 1.7 | 139 | 73 | 47 | 65 | 43 | 45 | 34 | 22 | 37 | |
适中Mid | 2.3 | 141 | 98 | 30 | 85 | 57 | 44 | 59 | 29 | 51 | ||
高产High | 2.8 | 175 | 122 | 30 | 83 | 71 | 28 | 62 | 36 | 43 | ||
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果 Apple | 低产Low | 11.5 | 614 | 115 | 81 | 412 | 69 | 83 | 445 | 92 | 79 |
适中Mid | 27.0 | 761 | 270 | 64 | 481 | 162 | 66 | 545 | 216 | 60 | ||
高产High | 44.4 | 930 | 444 | 52 | 636 | 267 | 58 | 711 | 356 | 50 | ||
西红柿 Tomato | 低产Low | 59.8 | 236 | 191 | 19 | 182 | 90 | 51 | 226 | 150 | 34 | |
适中Mid | 80.5 | 562 | 257 | 54 | 434 | 121 | 72 | 453 | 201 | 56 | ||
高产High | 117.8 | 485 | 377 | 22 | 406 | 177 | 56 | 571 | 294 | 48 | ||
烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco | 低产Low | 2.2 | 101 | 77 | 24 | 110 | 46 | 58 | 101 | 106 | -5 | |
适中Mid | 3.3 | 94 | 115 | -22 | 113 | 69 | 39 | 169 | 157 | 7 | ||
高产High | 4.1 | 128 | 142 | -11 | 153 | 85 | 44 | 230 | 194 | 5 |
表6
作物的经济效益"
作物分类 Crop classification | 作物类型 Crop type | 产量等级 Yield level | 总产出 Output (×104 yuan/hm2) | 投入 Input(yuan/hm2) | 总投入 Total (×104 yuan/hm2) | 肥料占总投入 Fertilizer / total (%) | 经济效益 Benefit (×104 yuan/hm2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单质肥ECF | 复合肥 CF | 有机肥OM | |||||||||||
粮食作物 Cereal crop | 小麦 Wheat | 低产Low | 0.76 | 338 | 1134 | 231 | 0.58 | 29 | 0.18 c | ||||
适中Mid | 1.07 | 546 | 1096 | 85 | 0.59 | 29 | 0.48 b | ||||||
高产High | 1.37 | 434 | 1543 | 51 | 0.62 | 33 | 0.77 a | ||||||
玉米 Maize | 低产Low | 0.97 | 664 | 888 | 327 | 0.54 | 35 | 0.43 c | |||||
适中Mid | 1.40 | 807 | 1016 | 212 | 0.55 | 37 | 0.85 b | ||||||
高产High | 1.95 | 426 | 2107 | 216 | 0.63 | 44 | 1.32 a | ||||||
水稻 Rice | 低产Low | 1.66 | 616 | 416 | 583 | 0.50 | 32 | 1.16 c | |||||
适中Mid | 2.03 | 545 | 1038 | 217 | 0.52 | 35 | 1.51 b | ||||||
高产High | 2.40 | 446 | 1281 | 135 | 0.52 | 36 | 1.88 a | ||||||
谷子 Millet | 低产Low | 0.32 | 801 | 1350 | 4500 | 1.16 | 57 | -0.84 c | |||||
适中Mid | 1.38 | 815 | 362 | 2973 | 0.91 | 45 | 0.47 b | ||||||
高产High | 2.20 | 732 | 405 | 3336 | 0.95 | 47 | 1.26 a | ||||||
马铃薯 Potato | 低产Low | 1.04 | 266 | 760 | 3609 | 0.93 | 50 | 0.11 c | |||||
适中Mid | 1.82 | 390 | 1835 | 3259 | 1.01 | 54 | 0.81 b | ||||||
高产High | 2.64 | 497 | 1661 | 2755 | 0.96 | 51 | 1.68 a | ||||||
油料作物 Oil crop | 大豆 Soybean | 低产Low | 0.72 | 241 | 155 | 1669 | 0.38 | 54 | 0.34 c | ||||
适中Mid | 1.29 | 603 | 0 | 1530 | 0.39 | 55 | 0.90 b | ||||||
高产High | 2.42 | 1782 | 0 | 4500 | 0.80 | 78 | 1.62 a | ||||||
油菜 Canola | 低产Low | 0.88 | 379 | 742 | 575 | 0.34 | 49 | 0.54 c | |||||
适中Mid | 1.18 | 400 | 1055 | 1075 | 0.43 | 59 | 0.75 b | ||||||
高产High | 1.46 | 466 | 1161 | 828 | 0.42 | 58 | 1.04 a | ||||||
经济作物 Cash crop | 苹果 Apple | 低产Low | 6.65 | 623 | 7482 | 3277 | 2.51 | 45 | 4.14 c | ||||
适中Mid | 15.65 | 805 | 8350 | 2039 | 2.50 | 45 | 13.15 b | ||||||
高产High | 25.71 | 1782 | 9096 | 2342 | 2.70 | 49 | 23.01 a | ||||||
西红柿 Tomato | 低产Low | 15.46 | 286 | 67685 | 4220 | 9.18 | 79 | 6.28 c | |||||
适中Mid | 20.79 | 408 | 5143 | 10350 | 3.55 | 45 | 17.24 b | ||||||
高产High | 30.43 | 272 | 14304 | 4397 | 3.85 | 49 | 26.57 a | ||||||
烤烟 Flue-cured tobacco | 低产Low | 4.18 | 0 | 11250 | 268 | 2.16 | 53 | 3.96 c | |||||
适中Mid | 5.59 | 0 | 14063 | 0 | 2.41 | 58 | 6.35 b | ||||||
高产High | 6.93 | 0 | 19125 | 0 | 2.92 | 66 | 7.72 b |
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