中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (20): 4312-4325.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同降雨年型黑膜垄作对土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响

杨封科1,2(),何宝林1,董博1,2,王立明1   

  1. 1甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,兰州 730070
    2甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-30 接受日期:2021-09-07 出版日期:2021-10-16 发布日期:2021-10-25
  • 作者简介:杨封科,E-mail: yang_fk@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31560137);国家自然科学基金(31860131);甘肃省科技重点研发计划(18YF1NA095-2)

Effects of Black Film Mulched Ridge-Furrow Tillage on Soil Water- Fertilizer Environment and Potato Yield and Benefit Under Different Rainfall Year in Semiarid Region

YANG FengKe1,2(),HE BaoLin1,DONG Bo1,2,WANG LiMing1   

  1. 1Dryland Farming Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070
    2Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070
  • Received:2020-12-30 Accepted:2021-09-07 Online:2021-10-16 Published:2021-10-25

摘要:

【目的】探索降水年型与垄型互作对黑膜垄作土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响,解析水肥互作促进作物增产、高效用水机制,为深挖覆膜垄作技术增产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2018年布置大田试验,以当地推广应用的白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作(WRF,垄高16 cm,垄宽60cm,沟宽40 cm)为对照,基于垄上微沟集雨耕作技术,设置由黑膜覆盖低垄(垄高16 cm,垄宽 60cm)、中垄(垄高24 cm,垄宽 60 cm)、高垄(垄高32 cm, 垄宽60 cm)+垄上微集水沟(宽20 cm,深10 cm)+垄间小集水沟(沟宽 40cm)组成的3种黑色地膜覆盖垄上微沟集雨土壤水肥调控耕作处理(BLRF,BMRF 和BHRF),测定了马铃薯播种、出苗、现蕾、开花、结薯、成熟6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和研究期末0—30 cm土层土壤有机碳及氮磷钾养分含量,计算土壤贮水量、水分利用效率,分析土壤水、肥与马铃薯产量的相关关系。【结果】不同降水年型,黑、白地膜覆盖垄作都显著增加了马铃薯生长发育期对40—120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。BHRF,BMRF和BLRF处理马铃薯6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量(SWS)都显著高于WRF处理(P<0.05)。较高的降水量以及黑膜覆盖集蓄增加的土壤水对120—200 cm土层的土壤水具有明显的补充作用。在干旱年(2016)和平水年(2017),BLRF和BMRF处理的集水和保水效应较好,BHRF处理次之,都显著优于WRF处理;在丰水年(2018)三者无显著差异,也都显著优于WRF处理。研究期末(2018)黑膜垄作0—30 cm 土层的全氮全钾(TN 和TK)及速效氮磷钾(AN,AP和AK)含量均显著高于白膜垄作(P<0.05),分别增加了4.5%—5.6%、3.6%—5.9%、8.4%—18.4%、15.3%—22.3% 和7.1%—13.3%。归因于显著增加了大薯结薯个数和结薯重,黑膜垄作马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收益和产投比均显著高于白膜垄作,3年平均分别提高了16.9%—19.0%、15.5%—19.2%、23.3%—27.3% 和12.1%—18.2%。这4个效益参数在干旱年和平水年以BLRF和BMRF处理较好、BHRF处理次之,丰水年三者都优于WRF处理,且无显著差异。相关分析表明,3年马铃薯平均产量与研究期末平均土壤氮磷钾养分含量呈显著正相关关系,与作物平均耗水量(ET)呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。通径分析表明,土壤AP、AK、AN含量,马铃薯生育期平均耗水量(ET)和平均降水量(GPR)解释了99.4%的产量变化。【结论】黑膜覆盖垄沟与垄上微沟的叠加集水效应显著改善土壤水分状况;水分条件的改善促进了马铃薯旺盛生长,使更多的根茎(茎叶、根等)类有机物归还土壤,其腐解释放的养分与施肥结合提高了土壤养分含量。良好的土壤水肥条件有效改善了土壤水肥互作关系,增加了作物水肥供应而显著提高马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收入和产投比。BLRF和BMRF处理在干旱年和平水年表现较好,BLRF、BMRF和BHRF处理在丰水年表现较好,BLRF和BMRF处理在各种年型都有良好的表现。因此,黑膜覆盖低、中垄垄上微沟集雨耕作(BLRF和BMRF)是继白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作(WRF)之后最适用于半干旱区的马铃薯高产高效栽培模式。

关键词: 黑膜垄上微沟耕作, 水肥平衡, 互作效应, 产量, WUE, 经济效益

Abstract:

【Objective】To explore the effects of annual precipitation regime and ridge shapes interaction on soil water and fertilizer environment and potato yield and efficiency of black film mulched ridge-furrow tillage, to analyze and explain the mechanism of water and fertilizer interaction to promote crop production and efficient water use, so as to provide theoretical basis for deeply exploring the yield increase potential of the film mulched ridge-furrow tillage technique. 【Method】Based on the technology of black plastic film mulched ridge-furrow tillage with micro-rainwater catchment ditches on the ridges, we developed three types of soil water-fertilizer regulating tillage systems that consists of low ridge (high 16 cm)-furrow (wide 40 cm), middle ridge (high 24 cm)- furrow (wide 40 cm) and high ridge (high 32 cm)-furrow (wide 40 cm) tillage, all with a 10 cm high and 20 cm wide rainwater catchment ditch on ridges, named as BLRF, BMRF and BHRF, respectively, and used as main treatments. Then, using the local custom white film mulched ridge(high 16 cm, wide 60 cm)-furrow (wide 40 cm) tillage (WRF) as control, a 3-year consecutive field experiments of four treatments had been conducted from 2016 to 2018. Soil water content of 0-200 cm soil layer in the potato key growth period of sowing, seedling, budding, flowering, tuberization and maturing as well as the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and their available component (TN, TP, TK and AN, AP, AK) of 0-30 cm soil layer at the end of the experiment period were determined, soil water storage and water utilization efficiency were calculated, the correlation between soil water, fertilizer and potato yield were analyzed. 【Result】Regardless of the precipitation years, both BLRF, BMRF, BHRF and WRF tillage had caused crop increase consumption of soil water in 40-120 cm soil layer. The soil water content and water storage (SWS) in 0-200 cm soil layers in the potato six key growth stages for BHRF, BMRF and BLRF were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those for WRF. Sufficient precipitation and the increased soil water harvested via black film mulched ridge-furrow tillage with micro-rainwater catchment ditches on ridges significantly complement the soil water in 120-200cm soil layer and effectively maintained soil water balance interseason. Take rainfall patterns into account, the effects of soil water conservation for BLRF and BMRF are better than that for BHRF in dry and normal year, and that for the three tillage models were significant efficient in wet year, all were significantly better than that of WRF. Meanwhile, the content of examined soil nutrient parameters in 0-30 cm soil layer under BHRF, BMRF and BLRF at the end of the experiment period were uniformly significantly higher than that of WRF (P<0.05),with the average content of TN,TK,AN, AP and AK were increased by 4.5%-5.6%, 3.6%-5.9%, 8.4%-18.4%, 15.3%-22.3% and 7.1%-13.3% except that of SOC and TP, respectively. In addition, the potato yield, water use efficiency (WUE), net income and output/input ratio for BLRF, BMRF and BHRF were all significantly higher than those for WRF, mainly contributed to the increased the number and weight of large potatoes caused by the improved soil water and nutrient condition. On 3 year average, the yield, WUE, net income and output/input ration of potato were increased by 16.9%-19.0%、15.5%-19.2%、23.3%-27.3% and 12.1%-18.2%, respectively. The four benefit parameters were more sounded under BLRF and BMRF in dry and normal year and highly significant under all the three tillage patterns in wet year. We observed that the 3-year average potato yield positively significant correlation to the contents of TN, TP, TK AN, AP, AK and highly negative correlation to the 3-year average water consumption (ET). Path analysis indicated that AP, ET, potato growth period precipitation (GPR), TK and TN had explained 99.4% of the yield variation. 【Conclusion】The superimposed water collection effect of black film mulched ridge furrow tillage with micro-rainwater catchment ditches on the ridges significantly improves the soil moisture condition, which, in turn, great promoting the vigorous growth of potato and led more organic matter (stems, roots, etc.) return to the soil,then the nutrients from the decomposition of the organic matter and the applied fertilizer improves the soil nutrient content. Good soil water and fertilizer conditions effectively improve the mutual relationship between soil water and fertilizer, increased the supply of water and fertilizer, and significantly improved the potato yield, WUE, net income and input/output ratio. BLRF and BMRF performed well in dry and normal years, BLRF, BMRF and BHRF performed well in wet years, while BLRF and BMRF performed well in all precipitation years. Therefore, BLRF and BMRF are the two most efficient cultivation model after WRF for dry potato high yield production in semi-arid regions of China.

Key words: black film mulched ridge-furrow tillage with micro-rainwater catchment ditched on ridges, water-fertilizer balance, interaction effect, yield, WUE, net income