中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (20): 4312-4325.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.20.006
收稿日期:
2020-12-30
接受日期:
2021-09-07
出版日期:
2021-10-16
发布日期:
2021-10-25
作者简介:
杨封科,E-mail: 基金资助:
YANG FengKe1,2(),HE BaoLin1,DONG Bo1,2,WANG LiMing1
Received:
2020-12-30
Accepted:
2021-09-07
Online:
2021-10-16
Published:
2021-10-25
摘要:
【目的】探索降水年型与垄型互作对黑膜垄作土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响,解析水肥互作促进作物增产、高效用水机制,为深挖覆膜垄作技术增产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2018年布置大田试验,以当地推广应用的白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作(WRF,垄高16 cm,垄宽60cm,沟宽40 cm)为对照,基于垄上微沟集雨耕作技术,设置由黑膜覆盖低垄(垄高16 cm,垄宽 60cm)、中垄(垄高24 cm,垄宽 60 cm)、高垄(垄高32 cm, 垄宽60 cm)+垄上微集水沟(宽20 cm,深10 cm)+垄间小集水沟(沟宽 40cm)组成的3种黑色地膜覆盖垄上微沟集雨土壤水肥调控耕作处理(BLRF,BMRF 和BHRF),测定了马铃薯播种、出苗、现蕾、开花、结薯、成熟6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和研究期末0—30 cm土层土壤有机碳及氮磷钾养分含量,计算土壤贮水量、水分利用效率,分析土壤水、肥与马铃薯产量的相关关系。【结果】不同降水年型,黑、白地膜覆盖垄作都显著增加了马铃薯生长发育期对40—120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。BHRF,BMRF和BLRF处理马铃薯6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量(SWS)都显著高于WRF处理(P<0.05)。较高的降水量以及黑膜覆盖集蓄增加的土壤水对120—200 cm土层的土壤水具有明显的补充作用。在干旱年(2016)和平水年(2017),BLRF和BMRF处理的集水和保水效应较好,BHRF处理次之,都显著优于WRF处理;在丰水年(2018)三者无显著差异,也都显著优于WRF处理。研究期末(2018)黑膜垄作0—30 cm 土层的全氮全钾(TN 和TK)及速效氮磷钾(AN,AP和AK)含量均显著高于白膜垄作(P<0.05),分别增加了4.5%—5.6%、3.6%—5.9%、8.4%—18.4%、15.3%—22.3% 和7.1%—13.3%。归因于显著增加了大薯结薯个数和结薯重,黑膜垄作马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收益和产投比均显著高于白膜垄作,3年平均分别提高了16.9%—19.0%、15.5%—19.2%、23.3%—27.3% 和12.1%—18.2%。这4个效益参数在干旱年和平水年以BLRF和BMRF处理较好、BHRF处理次之,丰水年三者都优于WRF处理,且无显著差异。相关分析表明,3年马铃薯平均产量与研究期末平均土壤氮磷钾养分含量呈显著正相关关系,与作物平均耗水量(ET)呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。通径分析表明,土壤AP、AK、AN含量,马铃薯生育期平均耗水量(ET)和平均降水量(GPR)解释了99.4%的产量变化。【结论】黑膜覆盖垄沟与垄上微沟的叠加集水效应显著改善土壤水分状况;水分条件的改善促进了马铃薯旺盛生长,使更多的根茎(茎叶、根等)类有机物归还土壤,其腐解释放的养分与施肥结合提高了土壤养分含量。良好的土壤水肥条件有效改善了土壤水肥互作关系,增加了作物水肥供应而显著提高马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收入和产投比。BLRF和BMRF处理在干旱年和平水年表现较好,BLRF、BMRF和BHRF处理在丰水年表现较好,BLRF和BMRF处理在各种年型都有良好的表现。因此,黑膜覆盖低、中垄垄上微沟集雨耕作(BLRF和BMRF)是继白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作(WRF)之后最适用于半干旱区的马铃薯高产高效栽培模式。
杨封科,何宝林,董博,王立明. 不同降雨年型黑膜垄作对土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(20): 4312-4325.
YANG FengKe,HE BaoLin,DONG Bo,WANG LiMing. Effects of Black Film Mulched Ridge-Furrow Tillage on Soil Water- Fertilizer Environment and Potato Yield and Benefit Under Different Rainfall Year in Semiarid Region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(20): 4312-4325.
表1
黑膜垄作马铃薯0—30 cm 土层土壤养分含量(2018)"
处理 Treatments | SOC (g·kg-1) | TN (g·kg-1) | TP (g·kg-1) | TK (g·kg-1) | AN (mg·kg-1) | AP (mg·kg-1) | AK (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BHRF | 9.5±0.1a | 0.94±0.02a | 0.84±0.02a | 23.5±0.5a | 119.5±4.5a | 33.5±1.2a | 266.7±10.1a |
BMRF | 9.5±0.1a | 0.94±0.01a | 0.84±0.01a | 23.3±0.2a | 120.3±5.9a | 32.6±1.7a | 256.7±9.9a |
BLRF | 9.4±0.1a | 0.93±0.03a | 0.83±0.03a | 23.0±0.2ab | 110.1±2.7b | 31.6±2.6a | 253.0±8.7a |
WRF | 9.4±0.1a | 0.89±0.01b | 0.81±0.01a | 22.2±0.6b | 101.6±2.9c | 27.4±0.8b | 235.3±6.8b |
表2
黑膜垄作对马铃薯结薯特性的影响(2016—2018)"
处理 Treatments | 薯型 Potato sizes | 薯重 Potato weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大薯 Large potato (>150 g) | 中薯 Medium potato (75-150 g) | 小薯 Small potato (<75g) | 大薯重 Large potato weight (kg) | 中薯重 Medium potato weight (kg) | 小薯重 Small potato weight (kg) | |
BHRF | 2.2±0.05a | 1.2±0.06a | 2.3±0.1ab | 0.64±0.02a | 0.24±0.01a | 0.19±0.01a |
BMRF | 2.1±0.10b | 1.2±0.10a | 2.1±0.10c | 0.62±0.01ab | 0.24±0.01a | 0.19±0.01a |
BLRF | 2.0±0.04c | 1.1±0.06ab | 2.2±0.1bc | 0.6±0.02b | 0.23±0.01a | 0.20±0.01a |
WRF | 1.9±0.04c | 1.0±0.06b | 2.5±0.08a | 0.48±0.01c | 0.22±0.01b | 0.19±0.01a |
表3
黑膜垄作对马铃薯产量、水分利用效率、耗水量、效益和产投比的影响"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatments | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 耗水量 ET (mm) | 效益 Economic benefits (yuan) | 产投比 Input-output ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | BHRF | 31021±1517ab | 90.8±4.5ab | 341.0±0.0a | 20924±1668ab | 2.6±0.1b |
BMRF | 32953±1611a | 97.5±4.8a | 338.0±0.1b | 23349±1772a | 2.8±0.1a | |
BLRF | 33147±1621a | 98.7±4.9a | 335.7±0.2b | 23562±1783a | 2.8±0.1a | |
WRF | 29335±906b | 86.1±3.5b | 340.7±o.1a | 19368±996b | 2.5±0.08b | |
2017 | BHRF | 39408±1832a | 102.3±4.6a | 385.2±0.6a | 30149±2015a | 3.3±0.2ab |
BMRF | 40279±1872a | 105.1±4.7a | 383.6±0.6b | 31407±2060a | 3.4±0.2a | |
BLRF | 40376±1877a | 105.3±4.7a | 383.6±0.6b | 31514±2065a | 3.4±0.2a | |
WRF | 35170±1139b | 95.2±4.3b | 383.3±0.8b | 26887±1253b | 3.1±0.1b | |
2018 | BHRF | 64544±2304a | 144.9±6.3a | 445.4±3.5b | 57799±2535a | 5.4±0.2a |
BMRF | 64159±2290a | 144.8±6.3a | 443.2±3.5b | 57675±2519a | 5.5±0.2a | |
BLRF | 63774±2277a | 144.9±6.3a | 440.2±3.6c | 57252±2504a | 5.4±0.2a | |
WRF | 48288±1724b | 107.8±4.4b | 450.5±2.2a | 40217±1896b | 4.1±0.2b | |
平均 Average | BHRF | 44991±823a | 112.7±2.4a | 390.5±1.4b | 36290±905a | 3.7±0.1b |
BMRF | 45797±840a | 115.8±2.5a | 388.3±1.4b | 37477±924a | 3.9±0.1a | |
BLRF | 45766±838a | 116.3±2.5a | 386.5±1.5c | 37442±922a | 3.9±0.1a | |
WRF | 38486±653b | 97.6±2.1b | 390.8±2.1a | 29435±718b | 3.3±0.1c |
表4
马铃薯产量与土壤有效磷、钾、氮(AP,AK,AN)、蒸散值(ET)和生育期降水量(GPR)之间的相关关系"
变量 Variable | 与产量相关关系 (r) | 直接效应Direct effect | 间接效应Indirect effect | 总效应 Total effect | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
→x1 | →x2 | →x3 | →x4 | →x5 | ||||
AP (x1) | 0.828** | 0.473 | 0.1057 | -0.1075 | 0.2171 | 0.1394 | 0.3547 | |
ET (x2) | -0.606* | -0.548 | -0.0914 | 0.1697 | -0.0879 | -0.0487 | -0.0583 | |
PGR (x3) | 0.204 | -0.375 | 0.1359 | 0.2481 | 0.1342 | 0.0600 | 0.5781 | |
AK (x4) | 0.804** | 0.258 | 0.3977 | 0.1862 | -0.1944 | 0.1562 | 0.5457 | |
AN (x5) | 0.807** | 0.175 | 0.3764 | 0.1523 | -0.1281 | 0.2303 | 0.6308 |
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