氮管理对冬小麦产量和品质影响的整合分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】氮是影响小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的关键因素之一,然而产量的不断提升一定程度上稀释了籽粒的蛋白质含量,小麦高产和优质难以协同实现。因此如何通过优化氮管理实现小麦增产和籽粒品质的协同提升是小麦可持续生产的关键。【方法】搜集了1990—2017年间发表的2 758个氮管理措施对小麦产量和蛋白质品质影响的研究案例,利用整合分析的方法,评估了氮肥管理方式对小麦产量和籽粒的影响,并且结合氮流动分析方法,提出了综合氮管理措施实现小麦提质增效的方案。【结果】1990—2017年间,总体来讲,增施氮肥小麦产量提高了42%±1.2%,籽粒蛋白质含量提高了19%±0.7%;随着施氮量的增加,小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氮肥的增产效应在施用量200—250 kg N·hm^-2时最显著,而籽粒蛋白质的增加效应在施氮量384 kg N·hm^-2时最显著;小麦产量提高和籽粒蛋白质提升在基追比为1—2时效应最显著。与施氮量>300 kg N·hm^-2相比,将施氮量控制在200—250 kg N·hm^-2能有效降低氮损失,提高氮利用效率。在其他管理措施一致的条件下,与单一优化氮肥用量或基追比相比,同时优化氮肥用量和基追比使氮肥的增产效应提高8%—30%,提质效应提高19%—21%。【结论】增施氮肥能够实现小麦产量提高和籽粒蛋白质含量提升,不同施氮量和基追比对施氮的增产提质效应均有显著影响,同时优化施氮量和基追比的综合氮管理措施不仅能协同实现小麦高产和优质的目标,还能降低环境排放,这为未来的小麦可持续生产管理提供了案例支撑。

关键词: 氮肥, 小麦, 产量, 蛋白质含量, 物质流分析, 整合分析

Abstract:

【Objective】Nitrogen (N) is one of the key factors affecting wheat yield and grain protein concentration. However, the continuous improvement of wheat yield diluted the protein concentration of the grain to some extent, so it was difficult to achieve high yield and high quality in wheat. How to achieve synergistic improvement of wheat yield and grain quality through optimized N management is the key to sustainable wheat production. 【Method】This study collected 2 758 research cases on wheat yield and protein quality published between 1990 and 2017, and the effects of N management on winter wheat yield and quality were evaluated by using meta-analysis and combined with N flow analysis methods. Combined with N flow analysis method, a comprehensive N management measure is proposed to improve wheat quality and efficiency. 【Result】 From 1990 to 2017, the wheat yield increased by 42%±1.2% and the grain protein concentration increased by 19%±0.7% by applying N fertilizer. With the increase of N application rate, both wheat yield and grain protein concentration showed an increasing and then decreasing trend. The effect of N application on increasing yield was most significant when the N application rate was 200-250 kg·hm^-2, and the effect of increasing grain protein concentration was most significant when the N application rate was 384 kg·hm^-2. The effects of increasing wheat yield and increasing grain protein concentration were most significant when the dressing ratio was 1-2. In comparison with the N application rate >300 kg·hm^-2, controlling the N application rate at 200-250 kg·hm^-2 could effectively reduce N loss and improve N use efficiency. Under the same conditions as other management measures, compared with a single optimized N application rate or N application dressing ratio, a comprehensive optimization of N application rate and basal-dressing ratio could increase the yield-increasing effect of N application by 8%-30%, and the quality-improving effect could increase by 19%-21%. 【Conclusion】 Increasing N application can realize the wheat yield and grain protein concentration increase, different N application rate and the dressing ratio have a significant effect on yield and quality improvement. The integrated N management measures of comprehensive optimization of N application rate and dressing ratio can not only synergistically achieve the goals of high yield and good quality of wheat, but also reduce environmental emissions, which provides case support for sustainable wheat production management in the future.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer, wheat, yield, grain protein concentration, material flow analysis, meta-analysis

邓丽娟,焦小强. 氮管理对冬小麦产量和品质影响的整合分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2355-2365.

DENG LiJuan,JIAO XiaoQiang. A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Nitrogen Management on Winter Wheat Yield and Quality[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2355-2365.

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解释变量 Categorical explanatory variable	分组 Group
氮肥施用量 N fertilizer rate (kg·hm^-2)	≤100; 100-150; 150-200; 200-250; 250-300; >300
基追比 Dressing ratio	全基施All base; <1; =1; 1-2; ≥2; 全追施All topdressing
对照组产量 Wheat yield of CK (t·hm^-2)	≤3; 3-4; 4-5; 5-6; 6-7; 7-8; >8
对照组蛋白质含量 Grain protein concentration of CK (%)	≤10; 10-12; 12-14; >14
有机质含量SOM (g·kg^-1)	≤10; 10-20; >20
全氮含量TN (g·kg^-1)	≤1; 1-1.5; >1.5
碱解氮含量AN (mg·kg^-1)	≤60; 60-90; >90
速效磷含量AP (mg·kg^-1)	5-10; 10-20; >20

项目Item	观测值n	Egger tests	Nfs (×10⁹)
小麦产量 Wheat yield	1589	0.06	500
籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein concentration	1169	0.16	14