宁夏引黄灌区春小麦氮磷钾需求及化肥减施潜力

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确宁夏引黄灌区春小麦氮、磷、钾肥的施用现状及需求情况,为合理施肥和科学减施化肥提供理论依据。【方法】通过农户调查和田间小区试验,分析宁夏引黄灌区春小麦产量水平及氮、磷、钾肥施用情况,阐明不同氮、磷、钾水平对春小麦产量构成及氮、磷、钾养分需求的影响。【结果】农户调查结果表明,宁夏引黄灌区春小麦产量平均为（6 985±867）kg·hm ^-2,偏高产及高产农户比例达82.7%;随着产量水平提高,氮、磷肥施用量和过量施肥量均呈降低趋势,钾肥施用量总体不足。平均来看,氮、磷、钾施用量分别为294、162和49 kg·hm ^-2;97.1%的农户氮肥投入过量,过量施氮量为69—114 kg·hm ^-2;20.5%的农户磷肥投入过量,过量施磷量为18—42 kg·hm ^-2;钾肥投入总体不足,比推荐施钾量少30—51 kg·hm ^-2。氮肥试验结果表明,当施氮量在120—240 kg·hm ^-2时,地上部生物量、籽粒产量、收获指数、穗粒数均显著增加,并在施氮量180 kg·hm ^-2时达到最高,此时籽粒吸氮量、吸磷量和吸钾量亦达到最大,分别为168.2、23.9和23.2 kg·hm ^-2;随施氮量增加,氮收获指数无显著变化,平均值为56.5%,磷收获指数呈增加趋势,钾收获指数表现为下降趋势。施氮180 kg·hm ^-2时,春小麦氮素需求量达45.8 kg·Mg ^-1,比对照增加19.6%;磷需求量从不施氮的6.0 kg·Mg ^-1显著降到高量施用氮肥（240 kg·hm ^-2）的5.3 kg·Mg ^-1,而钾需求量则从42.6 kg·Mg ^-1增加到49.7 kg·Mg ^-1。磷肥试验结果显示,施用磷肥时春小麦千粒重和收获指数明显增加,但地上部生物量和穗粒数均明显降低,因此籽粒产量无明显差异,平均为5 446 kg·hm ^-2。施用磷肥可显著提高籽粒吸氮量、氮素收获指数和氮素需求量,平均值分别为141.6 kg·hm ^-2、54.5%和25.9 kg·Mg ^-1,分别比不施磷肥提高28.6%、27.9%、26.2%;施用磷肥亦可促进磷素向籽粒转移并提高磷收获指数,籽粒吸磷量和磷收获指数分别比不施磷肥提高15.9%和15.2%,磷需求量呈增加趋势,但未达显著水平。钾需求量随施磷量增加显著降低,从不施磷的68.1 kg·Mg ^-1降到施磷120 kg·hm ^-2的49.7 kg·Mg ^-1。钾肥试验结果发现,施钾量对生物量,籽粒产量,收获指数,每公顷穗数,籽粒氮、磷、钾含量均无显著影响,但高量施钾（75 kg·hm ^-2）可显著减少穗粒数,增加千粒重和氮、磷、钾收获指数,穗粒数比对照下降9.1%,千粒重比对照增加7.6%,氮、磷、钾收获指数分别可达57.2%、73.5%、7.3%。施钾60 kg·hm ^-2时,氮、磷、钾需求量均达最高,分别为55.3、5.5、57.6 kg·Mg ^-1,而高量施钾（75 kg·hm ^-2）时,氮和钾需求量显著降低20.6%和13.7%。可见适量施钾可提高氮、钾需求量,而高量施钾则降低氮、钾需求量。【结论】减少氮肥、调控磷肥、适当增加钾肥依然是宁夏引黄灌区春小麦化肥结构调整的主要方向。春小麦氮需求量为38.3—57.2 kg·Mg ^-1,在适量施用氮、磷、钾肥时可显著增加;磷需求量为5.1—6.0 kg·Mg ^-1,随氮肥用量增加而降低,对磷、钾肥无显著响应;钾需求量为42.6—68.1 kg·Mg ^-1,随施氮量增加呈升高趋势,随施磷量增加呈降低趋势,在高量施钾时显著降低。推荐氮肥适宜用量为120—180 kg·hm ^-2,比农户平均施氮量减少25%—60%;磷肥用量在48—96 kg·hm ^-2时,更有利于稳定春小麦产量并促进氮、磷向籽粒的转移,比农户平均用量减少40.7%—70.3%;钾肥用量在0—60 kg·hm ^-2时可稳产增质,在现有施肥水平上适量增加即可。

关键词: 春小麦, 氮, 磷, 钾, 收获指数, 吸收量, 需求量, 宁夏引黄灌区

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify fertilization and requirement of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in spring wheat production in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia (NYRIA), so as to provide a theoretical guide for rational fertilizer reduction and application. 【Method】Based on the investigation of farmers’ fertilizer application and field fertilization experiments, farmers’ yield levels and N, P, K fertilizer application of spring wheat were analyzed, and the grain yield, yield components, and N, P, K nutrient requirement were investigated. 【Result】The average spring wheat yield of farmers was (6 985±867) kg·hm ^-2 in NYRIA, and the percentage of high yield farmers was 82.7%. With the increase of yield, the excessive amount of N and P was decreased, and the application rates of K was insufficient. On average, the application rates of N, P and K were 294, 162 and 49 kg·hm ^-2, respectively, with 97.1% of farmers over applied N by 69-114 kg·hm ^-2, and 20.5% of farmers over applied P by 18-42 kg·hm ^-2, while K inputs were generally insufficient with an amount of 30-51 kg·hm ^-2. The N fertilization experiment showed that shoot biomass, grain yield, harvest index and grain number per ear all increased significantly at N rates of 120-240 kg·hm ^-2, and all reached the highest at the application of N 180 kg·hm ^-2. At the same time, the amount of N, P, and K absorbed by the grain also reached to the maximum value of 168.2, 23.9, and 23.2 kg·hm ^-2, respectively. Nitrogen application showed no significant effect on N harvest index, the average of which was 56.5%, and tended to increase P harvest index but decrease K harvest index. Nitrogen requirement reached to 45.8 kg·Mg ^-1 at N rate of 180 kg·hm ^-2, being 19.6% higher than that of no N application. P requirement decreased from 6.0 kg·Mg ^-1 at no N application to 5.3 kg·Mg ^-1 at N rate of 240 kg·hm ^-2, while K requirement increased from 42.6 to 49.7 kg·Mg ^-1. The P experiment showed that shoot biomass and grain number per ear decreased significantly with the increase of P rates, while 1 000 grain weight and harvest index increased significantly, so there was no significant difference in grain yield over P rates. Moreover, P application improved N uptake and harvest index, being 28.6% and 27.9% higher respectively than that of no P application. Also, P fertilizer could promote P to transfer to grain because that P uptake and P harvest index were increased by 15.9% and 15.2%, respectively. However, it showed no significant effect on N and P requirement, but decreased K requirement from 68.1 kg·Mg ^-1 at no P application to 49.7 kg·Mg ^-1 at P₂O₅ rate of 120 kg·hm ^-2. The K experiment showed that the application of K had no significant effects on biomass, grain yield, harvest index, ears per hectare, and the content of N, P and K in grain. While the high K fertilizer application of 75 kg·hm ^-2 significantly reduced the number of grains per ear, but increased 1 000 grain weight and harvest index of N, P and K. Grain number per ear decreased by 9.1%, 1 000 grain weight increased by 7.6%, and harvest indexes of N, P and K were 57.2%, 73.5% and 7.3%, respectively. When applying 60 kg·hm ^-2 of K₂O, the demand for N, P and K reached the highest, which was 55.3, 5.5 and 57.6 kg·Mg ^-1, respectively, while the demand for N and K were both significantly reduced by 20.6% and 13.7% at K₂O rate of 75 kg·hm ^-2. It was concluded that proper application of K could increase the demand of N and K, while over application of K could reduce the demand of N and K. 【Conclusion】Reducing N fertilizer, regulating P fertilizer and properly adding K fertilizer input were still the key for spring wheat fertilization in NYRIA. The N requirement of spring wheat was ranged 38.3-57.2 kg·Mg ^-1, and could increase by applying the moderate amount of N, P and K fertilizer. The demand for P of spring wheat was 5.1-6.0 kg·Mg ^-1, which tends to increase with N rates and is not influenced by P and K amount. The K requirement of spring wheat was within 42.6-68.1 kg·Mg ^-1, which seems to increase with N rates and decrease with P rates, and also is reduced by high amount of K application. The suitable recommended application of N fertilizer was 120-180 kg·hm ^-2, which was 25%-60% lower compared with N application of farmers. Application of P fertilizer at 48-96 kg·hm ^-2 was more conducive to stabilize the yield of spring wheat and promote the transfer of N and P to the grain, which was reduced by 40.7%-70.3% compared with the average application of farmers. When the application of K fertilizer was 0-30 kg·hm ^-2, it was more benefit to stabilize the yield and increase the grain quality.

Key words: spring wheat, N, P, K, harvest index, absorption, requirement, Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

王西娜,于金铭,谭军利,张佳群,魏照清,王朝辉. 宁夏引黄灌区春小麦氮磷钾需求及化肥减施潜力[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4891-4903.

WANG XiNa,YU JinMing,TAN JunLi,ZHANG JiaQun,WEI ZhaoQing,WANG ZhaoHui. Requirement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Potential of Reducing Fertilizer Application of Spring Wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4891-4903.

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养分 Nutrient	施肥等级Fertilization grade (kg·hm^-2)
养分 Nutrient	很低Very low	偏低Low	适中Middle	偏高High	很高Very high
N	<90	90-180	180-225	225-375	>375
P₂O₅	<60	60-120	120-180	180-200	>200
K₂O	<60	60-80	80-100	100-120	>120

指标 Index		产量等级Yield grade (kg·hm^-2)					平均值 Average value
指标 Index		低 Very low <4500	偏低 Low 4500-5250	中 Middle 5250-6000	偏高 High 6000-7500	高 Very high >7500	平均值 Average value
产量 Grain yield	农户比例Farmers’ ratio (%)	2.06	6.17	9.05	57.61	25.10	/
产量 Grain yield	平均产量Average yield (kg·hm^-2)	4264±480	5156±184	5824±240	7116±382	7775±161	6985±867
施肥量 Fertilization amount (kg·hm^-2)	N	392±84	281±79	342±86	291±43	277±31	294±54
	P₂O₅	228±51	205±58	183±61	158±40	146±34	162±46
	K₂O	63±17	102±59	81±36	47±35	30±23	49±39
过量施肥量 Over fertilization amount (kg·hm^-2)	N	212-167	101-56	162-117	111-66	97-52	114-69
	P₂O₅	108-48	85-25	63-3	38--22	26--34	42--18
	K₂O	-17--38	23-2	2--19	-33--54	-49--70	-30--51
过量施肥农户占总农户比例 Proportion of farmers with over fertilization in total farmers (%)	N	100	73.3	95.5	99.4	98.4	97.1
	P₂O₅	100	60.0	40.9	14.4	4.9	20.2
	K₂O	0	40.0	22.7	9.4	1.6	11.5

处理代码Treatment	施氮量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest Index (%)	公顷穗数 Ears per hectare (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grains weight (g)	籽粒含氮量 N concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含磷量 P concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含钾量 K concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)
N0	0	14803±3620b	4375±1201b	29.4±0.01b	433±40a	26.4±4.0b	48.9±2.4a	21.61±1.0a	4.13±0.2a	3.67±0.3a
N1	60	15274±1661b	4537±478b	29.7±0.01b	443±34a	26.4±2.9b	50.4±2.8a	23.14±0.7a	3.97±0.2a	3.56±0.3a
N2	120	18735±3986a	5668±1055a	30.4±0.02ab	461±81a	31.1±3.6a	49.2±1.7a	21.99±2.1a	3.55±0.8a	3.67±0.2a
N3	180	20411±1879a	6331±955a	30.9±0.02a	483±37a	31.8±3.9a	48.9±1.8a	25.65±9.0a	3.78±0.1a	3.67±0.1a
N4	240	17712±3650ab	5474±957a	31.0±0.01a	469±87a	30.0±2.9a	50.9±3.3a	25.35±3.1a	3.93±0.3a	3.61±0.2a

处理代码Treatment	施氮量 N rates (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒吸氮量 N uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)	氮需求量 N demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸磷量 P uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)	磷需求量 P demand (kg·Mg^-1)	籽粒吸钾量 K uptake by grain (kg·hm^-2)	钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)	钾需求量 K demand (kg·Mg^-1)
N0	0	95.3±29.6b	56.8±4.0a	38.3±2.6b	17.9±4.3b	68.2±3.6ab	6.0±0.6a	16.0±4.0b	8.6±1.4a	42.6±7.6d
N1	60	105.1±13.3ab	55.2±7.8a	42.0±7.5ab	18.1±2.6b	68.3±1.7ab	5.8±0.2ab	16.3±3.0b	8.1±0.5ab	44.0±5.6cd
N2	120	126.1±33.7ab	55.2±7.8a	40.3±8.3ab	20.7±7.7ab	67.1±10.3b	5.4±0.7b	20.9±4.3a	7.8±1.1ab	47.2±6.2ab
N3	180	168.2±86.7a	57.9±9.0a	45.8±8.4a	23.9±3.7a	71.2±1.8ab	5.3±0.2b	23.2±3.7a	8.1±1.3ab	45.4±7.9bc
N4	240	137.6±18.0ab	57.2±10.4a	43.9±2.7ab	21.3±2.3ab	73.5±3.6a	5.3±0.6b	19.8±4.4ab	7.3±0.7b	49.7±7.2a

处理代码Treatment	施磷量 P₂O₅ rate (kg·hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)	公顷穗数Ears per hectare (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of grains per ear	千粒重 1000 grains weight (g)	籽粒含氮 N concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含磷量 P concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)	籽粒含钾量 K concentration in grain (g·kg^-1)
P0	0	21452±3126a	5361±894a	25.2±0.04b	472±17a	32.4±1.0ab	47.4±2.5b	20.82±2.6b	3.46±0.9a	4.09±0.4a
P1	48	18870±2608ab	5746±967a	30.4±0.01a	456±31a	34.8±5.4a	45.8±1.0b	25.22±3.9a	3.84±0.1a	3.84±0.1ab
P2	96	18550±403ab	5203±498a	28.1±0.03ab	424±25a	35.0±0.9a	49.6±1.9a	27.40±6.1a	3.71±0.1a	3.65±0.1b
P3	120	17712±3650b	5474±957a	31.0±0.01a	469±87a	30.0±2.8b	50.9±3.3a	25.35±3.1a	3.93±0.3a	3.61±0.2b