我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素砷含量分布的调查研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究我国不同地区间各种饲料原料中砷含量分布情况及不同饲料原料中砷含量超标情况,确定砷污染高风险原料为严控饲料砷含量,防止饲料砷超标提供科学依据,更为饲料企业科学制定重金属砷的品控方案提供数据支持。【方法】利用离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用仪（IC-ICP-MS）对采自全国31个省、直辖市和自治区的40种共4 054个主要畜禽饲料原料中砷含量进行测定。【结果】这40种饲料原料的平均砷含量范围为5.21—13 292.0 μg·kg^-1之间,而各类饲料原料砷含量分布规律是：矿物质饲料（5 018.6 μg·kg^-1）>动物性蛋白饲料（1 704.8 μg·kg^-1）>秸秆类饲料（1 239.0 μg·kg^-1）>牧草类饲料（500.3 μg·kg^-1）>谷类籽实加工副产品（329.24 μg·kg^-1）>植物性蛋白饲料（72.99 μg·kg^-1）>谷类籽实（38.07 μg·kg^-1）。同时发现,谷物籽实及其副产物与秸秆类饲料的砷分布规律：玉米秸>副产物（玉米蛋白粉、喷浆玉米皮、玉米DDGS）>玉米籽实;小麦秸>副产物（小麦麸、小麦DDGS、次粉）>小麦籽实;稻秸>副产物（米糠、脱脂米糠）>稻谷>碎米,是因为谷物植株在生长过程中对砷的富集能力排序：根>叶>茎>谷壳>米粒。通过比较不同省（区）玉米、小麦和豆粕的砷含量发现,不同省（区）同一种饲料原料的砷含量均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。根据国家饲料卫生标准,在对40种饲料原料砷含量超标率的统计中发现,谷物籽实类饲料、植物蛋白类饲料及牧草类饲料的砷含量均未超标;而谷物籽实加工副产品中的脱脂米糠砷超标率为2.8%,其他未超标;动物蛋白中鱼粉砷超标率5.3%,其他未超标;秸秆类饲料中稻秸砷超标率27.4%,其他未超标;矿物质饲料中石粉与磷酸氢钙砷含量超标率分别为30.8%和60%,其他未超标。不同饲料的砷含量超标率：磷酸氢钙>石粉>稻秸>鱼粉>脱脂米糠。【结论】以上结果表明：不同种类和不同地区饲料原料中砷含量差异较大,谷物相关的饲料原料中,秸秆类饲料砷含量最高,谷物加工副产物次之,籽实类最低。反刍动物饲料在选择秸秆类原料时,应重点检测砷的含量。同时,磷酸氢钙、石粉、稻秸、鱼粉和脱脂米糠均存在砷含量超标现象,可视为砷污染高危饲料。因此,在实际生产中,应充分考虑不同地区不同原料中的砷含量,加大高危饲料的检测频率,严控饲料砷含量在国标GB 13078-2017允许的范围内,保障饲料品质安全。

关键词: 饲料原料, 砷含量, 猪, 鸡

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this survey was to study the arsenic (As) contents in various feed ingredients from different provinces in China, providing a scientific basis for controlling As contents in the feed ingredients, and even for guiding feed companies to establish a scientific process on As detection. 【Method】A total of 40 types of 4 054 feed samples were collected from 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, and then the As contents of them were measured by Ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (IC-ICP-MS). 【Result】The results showed that the average As contents of these 40 kinds of feed ingredients ranged from 5.21 to 13 292.0 μg·kg^-1, and the distribution of As contents in different species of feed ingredients was as follows: mineral ingredients (5 018.6 μg·kg^-1)>animal ingredients (1 704.8 μg·kg^-1)>straw ingredients (1 239.0 μg·kg^-1)>pasture ingredients (500.3 μg·kg^-1)>cereal by-products (329.24 μg·kg^-1)>plant protein ingredients (72.99 μg·kg^-1 )>cereals (38.07 μg·kg^-1 ). Meanwhile, the distribution of As contents of cereals, cereal by-products and straw ingredients was as follows: corn straw>corn by-products (corn gluten meal, spray corn cortex and corn DDGS)>corn; wheat straw>wheat by-products (wheat bran, wheat DDGS and wheat middling)>wheat; rice straw>rice by-products ( rice bran and defatted rice bran)>rice>broken rice, which concerned the capacities of different parts of cereals gathering As from soil and water, root>leaf>stem>chaff>grain . The results in comparison with As contents of corn, wheat or soybean meal from different provinces (regions) are extremely significant (P<0.01) respectively, demonstrating As contents among same type of samples from different regions are significant also. Moreover, the ratios of As contents exceeding the limit standard, based on hygienical standard for feeds, have been calculated among the 40 kinds of feed ingredients. As contents in cereals, plant protein ingredients and pasture ingredients were under the limit standard. Nevertheless, As contents of only defatted rice bran in cereal by-products presented the over-limit ratio of 2.8%; As contents of only fish meal in animal ingredients showed the over-limit ratio of 5.3%; The over-limit ratio of rice straw in straw ingredients was 27.4%; Both limestone and dicalcium phosphate in mineral ingredients were with high over-limit ratios 30.8% and 60%, respectively. Over-limit ratios of As contents in different kinds of feed ingredients were as follows: dicalcium phosphate>limestone>rice straw>fish meal>defatted rice bran.【Conclusion】 The above results showed that the As contents in feed ingredients varied greatly in different kinds and regions. The As contents of those cereals relatives ingredients presented a common rule, that is, As contents of straw ingredients were highest, successively, cereals by-products and cereals. Especially, As contents of dicalcium phosphate, limestone, rice straw, fish meal and defatted rice bran were above the limit standard sometimes, which could be considered as high risk feed ingredients. Therefore, the As content in basal diets from different types and regions should be considered in the preparation of diets. It is necessary to improve As detection frequency to make sure of the As contents in animal diets under the safe limits according to the GB 13078-2017 strictly.

Key words: feedstuff, arsenic contents, pig, chicken

张铁鹰,张丽阳,刘俊丽,廖朝勇,吕林,廖秀冬,罗绪刚. 我国畜禽饲料资源中微量元素砷含量分布的调查研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4507-4515.

ZHANG TieYing,ZHANG LiYang,LIU JunLi,LIAO ChaoYong,LÜ Lin,LIAO XiuDong,LUO XuGang. A Survey on Distribution of Arsenic Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4507-4515.

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图/表 8

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表8

我国部分省（区）玉米、小麦及豆粕中砷含量分布（风干基础）"

省（区）名 Name of provinces (regions)	玉米砷含量 As contents of corn	省（区）名 Name of provinces (regions)	小麦砷含量 As contents of wheat	省（区）名 Name of provinces (regions)	豆粕砷含量 As contents of soybean meal
广西 Guangxi	5.03±1.32(36)BCD	青海Qinghai	26.31±9.78(10)	陕西 Shaanxi	67.74±14.53(15)BCDEF
山东 Shandong	11.99±2.42(54)ABC	湖北 Hubei	23.80±3.66(8)	四川 Sichuan	159.30±40.62(8)ABCDEFG
河北 Hebei	5.27±0.58(55)B	江苏 Jiangsu	19.28±3.30(16)	河南 Henan	8.92±2.51(15)EFG
贵州 Guizhou	11.83±4.64(39)ABCD	安徽 Anhui	28.13±3.89(28)	贵州 Guizhou	24.48±6.91(10)CDEFG
湖北 Hubei	1.41±0.4(38)D	河南 Henan	87.57±64.69(25)	广东 Guangdong	17.59±2.05(20)DE
四川 Sichuan	3.49±0.63(44)BCD	陕西 Shaanxi	61.17±27.67(9)	河北 Hebei	133.63±23.65(27)AB
云南 Yunan	4.57±1.01(56)BCD	山西 Shanxi	18.81±4.4(14)	辽宁 Liaoning	7.17±1.74(22)FG
安徽 Anhui	4.15±0.9(44)BCD	山东 Shandong	19.91±4.23(14)	湖北 Hubei	191.88±30.75(10)AB
河南 Henan	6.63±1.08(54)ABC	新疆 Xinjiang	43.91±19.03(10)	山东 Shandong	16.66±7.73(19)DEFG
山西 Shanxi	13.67±1.73(83)A	河北 Hebei	33.59±2.29(19)	福建 Fujian	213.79±3.74(17)A
陕西 Shaanxi	8.63±2.12(41)ABCD	甘肃 Gansu	37.51±8.16(9)	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	13.61±1.62(50)EF
江苏 Jiangsu	1.91±0.55(46)CD	P值P value	0.885	内蒙古Inner Mongolia	55.95±9.95(37)BCD
辽宁 Liaoning	3.88±1.07(53)BCD	总体平均值Total average	38.56	浙江 Zhejiang	23.67±11.22(12)CDEFG
甘肃 Gansu	8.52±2.96(42)ABCD			江苏 Jiangsu	4.48±0.73(15)G
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	12.31±3.95(78)ABCD			P值P value	<0.0001
新疆 Xinjiang	3.78±0.63(48)BCD			总体平均值Total average	56.89
内蒙古Inner Mongolia	9.84±1.84(52)AB
吉林 Jilin	2.46±0.53(60)BCD
P值P value	<0.0001
总体平均值Total average	7.06

表8

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项目Item	砷含量As contents
谷物籽实等及其加工副产品和植物性蛋白饲料 Cereal etc, cereal by-products and plant protein feeds	≤2000
秸秆及牧草类饲料 Straw and pasture feeds	≤4000
动物性蛋白饲料Animal protein feeds
鱼粉 Wheat straw	≤10000
肉粉 Fish meal	≤10000
其他动物性蛋白原料 Other animal protein feeds	≤2000
矿物质原料 Mineral feeds
石粉 Limestone	≤2000
骨粉 Bone meal	≤10000
其他矿物质饲料 Other mineral feeds	≤10000

样品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (municipalities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	超标率 Over-limit ratio (%)	砷含量 As contents (μg·kg^-1)
玉米 Corn	30	1191	0	6.72±0.42C
小麦 Wheat	28	251	0	33.08±6.72B
稻谷 Rice	30	207	0	221.04±8.34A
大麦 Barley	15	28	0	61.3±16.57B
P值 P value				<0.0001
总体平均值 Total average				38.07
碎米 Broken rice	20	54	0	63.05±4.32DE
次粉 Wheat middling	20	51	0	45.09±11.19DEF
小麦麸 Wheat bran	24	117	0	95.61±10.12CD
米糠 Rice bran	22	122	0	1016.2±29.07A
脱脂米糠 Defatted rice bran	12	71	2.8	938.34±53.53A
玉米DDGS Corn DDGS	13	96	0	73.60±6.13CDE
小麦 DDGS Wheat DDGS	4	16	0	493.96±107.2ABC
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal	7	49	0	7.13±2.87F
喷浆玉米皮 Spray corn cortex	14	35	0	55.11±10.91DE
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal	17	90	0	43.25±6.72E
木薯干 Cassava slice	4	17	0	456.86±25.17B
P值 P value				<0.0001
总体平均值 Total average				329.24

样品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (municipalities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	超标率 Over-limit ratio (%)	砷含量 As contents (μg·kg^-1)
膨化大豆 Extruded soybean	13	111	0	5.21±1.16D
豆粕 Soybean meal	23	339	0	58.11±4.8C
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	21	165	0	99.69±10.16B
棉粕 Cottonseed meal	14	106	0	99.16±13.76BC
花生粕 Peanut meal	11	49	0	92.11±14.69BC
亚麻粕 Linseed meal	3	19	0	128.45±26.54BC
葵花粕 Sunflower seed meal	3	14	0	315.56±27.48A
P值P value				<0.0001
总体平均值Total average				72.99

样品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (municipalities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	超标率 Over-limit ratio (%)	砷含量 As contents (μg·kg^-1)
鱼粉 Fish meal	14	57	5.3	5137.1±451.8A
肉粉 Meat meal	12	24	0	190.87±28.10C
水解羽毛粉 Hydrolyzed feather meal	16	34	0	761.43±59.10B
肠系膜蛋白粉 Dried porcine solubles	3	9	0	132.23±40.54CD
血浆蛋白粉 Plasma protein powder	16	32	0	165.45±39.83CD
血球蛋白粉 Dried blood cells	16	28	0	38.05±12.19D
P值P value				<0.0001
总体平均值Total average				1704.8

样品名 Name of samples	省（市、区）数 No. of provinces (municipalities, regions)	样品数 No. of samples	超标率 Over-limit ratio (%)	砷含量 As contents (μg·kg^-1)
玉米秸 Corn straw	30	83	0	154.70±22.08A
甘薯藤 Sweet potato vine	12	21	0	559.34±24.84B
稻秸 Rice straw	28	84	27.4	3025.2±252.62C
小麦秸 Wheat straw	24	57	0	435.80±23.53D
P值P value				<0.0001
总体平均值Total average				1239.0