甘蓝型冬油菜北移种植的适应性分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.20.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (20): 4164-4176.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.20.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

甘蓝型冬油菜北移种植的适应性分析

曹小东¹(),刘自刚¹(),米文博¹,徐春梅¹,邹娅¹,徐明霞¹,郑国强¹,方新玲¹,崔小茹²,董小云¹,米超¹,陈其鲜²

¹甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室,兰州 730070
²甘肃省农业技术推广总站,兰州 730070

收稿日期:2020-01-13 接受日期:2020-05-06 出版日期:2020-10-16 发布日期:2020-10-26
通讯作者: 刘自刚
作者简介:曹小东,E-mail: 2634984734@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0100500);国家自然科学基金(31660404);甘肃省高校科研成果转化培育项目(2018D-13);甘肃省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金项目(17ZD2NA016-4)

Analysis on the Adaptability of Northward Planting of Brassica napus

CAO XiaoDong¹(),LIU ZiGang¹(),MI WenBo¹,XU ChunMei¹,ZOU Ya¹,XU MingXia¹,ZHENG GuoQiang¹,FANG XinLing¹,CUI XiaoRu²,DONG XiaoYun¹,MI Chao¹,CHEN QiXian²

¹College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Sciences/Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement , Lanzhou 730070
²Gansu Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Lanzhou 730070

Received:2020-01-13 Accepted:2020-05-06 Online:2020-10-16 Published:2020-10-26
Contact: ZiGang LIU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨育成强抗寒新品种/系在高海拔高纬度种植的生态适应性和甘蓝型冬油菜北移的可行性,实现劣质低效白菜型冬油菜品种替代、农田生态改善和产业提升。【方法】以新育成的10个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为材料,选择甘蓝型冬油菜原种植区和典型北移生态区为试点,研究了甘蓝型冬油菜强抗寒品种在高纬度、高海拔冷凉区越冬,其生育期、产量、品质、株型等性状的变化。【结果】在原种植区（天水）甘蓝型冬油菜均能安全越冬,北移种植后甘蓝型冬油菜越冬率明显降低。对照品种（甘杂1号）在北移区（白银、定西）种植不能正常越冬;10个强抗寒品种在白银试点均能安全越冬,其越冬率在81%—94%之间;在定西试点越冬率在51%—88%之间,其中6个强抗寒品系可在定西安全越冬（≥75%）。甘蓝型冬油菜北移后生育期延长52—70 d;北移至白银,强抗寒品系产量变幅在-11.05%—44.67%,产量最高达5 170.80 kg·hm^-2,定西试点各参试品系产量均明显降低,产量最高为3 392.85 kg·hm^-2。北移种植后参试品种株高、分枝部位降低,二次分枝增加,株型变差;全株角果数降低,角粒数、千粒重增加,角粒性状变优。北移后甘蓝型冬油菜含油量、硫苷含量降低,芥酸含量增加。参试品系/种中1个为双低优质强抗寒品系（16NS20H1）,1个为低芥酸抗寒品种（甘杂1号）。相关性分析表明,越冬率、产量、株高、分枝部位、主花序长度、含油量、硫苷含量与海拔、纬度显著负相关,与年平均温度、年降水量、无霜期天数、最冷月温度显著正相关;而生育期、二次分枝变化相反。在北移区甘蓝型冬油菜抗倒伏性显著优于白菜型。【结论】育成的强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜新品系抗寒性比对照（甘杂1号）明显增强,可以在北纬36°12′、海拔2 248 m的地区安全越冬;可通过选择高产优质强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系,提升北方强冬性区冬油菜产量水平和品质营养价值。

关键词: 甘蓝型冬油菜, 北移, 越冬率, 产量, 农艺性状, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】To explore the ecological adaptability of breeding new varieties/lines with strong cold resistance and the feasibility of northward migration of Brassica napus (Brassica napus L.) at high altitude and high latitude, so as to realize the replacement of inferior and inefficient winter rape varieties, farmland ecological improvement and industrial promotion.【Method】Ten cold-resistant winter rape lines of Brassica napus were used as materials, and the original planting area and typical northward migration ecological region of winter rape of Brassica napus were selected as experiments to study the changes of growth period, yield, quality, plant type and other characters of cold-resistant winter rape varieties of Brassica napus in cold and cool areas at high latitude and high altitude.【Result】The results showed that Brassica napus-type winter rape could survive the winter safely in the original planting area (Tianshui), and the over-wintering rate of Brassica napus decreased obviously after moving northward. The control varieties（Ganza 1）could not survive the winter normally in the northward migration area (Baiyin and Dingxi); The 10 strong cold-resistant varieties could survive the winter safely in the Baiyin pilot, and the over-wintering rate was between 81% and 94%; The Dingxi pilot, the over-wintering rate was between 51% and 88%, of which 6 strong cold-resistant varieties could survive the winter safely in Dingxi (≥75%). The growth period of Brassica napus was prolonged by 52 days and 70 days after moving northward; The yield of cold-resistant lines move northward to Baiyin varied from-11.05% to 44.67%, and the highest yield was 5 170.80 kg·hm^-2 .The yield of all the tested lines in Baiyin decreased significantly, and the highest yield was 3 392.85 kg·hm^-2 .After planting northward, the plant height, branching position decreased, the secondary branch increased, the plant type became worse, the number of pods per plant decreased, the number of pods and 1000-grain weight increased, and the characters of pods became better. After moving northward, the contents of oil and glucosinolates in Brassica napus decreased, while the contents of erucic acid increased. One of the tested lines/species was a double-low, high-quality and strong cold-resistant strain (16NS20H1), and the other was a cold-resistant variety with low erucic acid (Ganza 1). Correlation analysis showed that overwintering rate, yield, plant height, branch position, main inflorescence length, oil content and glucosinolate content were significantly negatively correlated with altitude and latitude. It was positively correlated with annual average temperature, frost-free days and coldest monthly temperature, while the growth period, secondary branches changed to the contrary. In the northward moving area, the lodging resistance of Brassica napus type was significantly better than that of Brassica campestris L.. 【Conclusion】The cold resistance of the new cold-resistant winter rape strain of Brassica napus was obviously stronger than that of the control (Ganza 1), and it could survive the winter safely in the area of 36°12'N latitude and 2 248 m above sea level, and the winter rape lines with high yield, high quality and strong cold resistance could be selected and improve the yield level, quality and nutritional value of winter rape in the strong winter region of North China.

Key words: Brassica napus L., northward expansion, overwintering rate, yield, agronomic characters, quality

曹小东,刘自刚,米文博,徐春梅,邹娅,徐明霞,郑国强,方新玲,崔小茹,董小云,米超,陈其鲜. 甘蓝型冬油菜北移种植的适应性分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(20): 4164-4176.

CAO XiaoDong,LIU ZiGang,MI WenBo,XU ChunMei,ZOU Ya,XU MingXia,ZHENG GuoQiang,FANG XinLing,CUI XiaoRu,DONG XiaoYun,MI Chao,CHEN QiXian. Analysis on the Adaptability of Northward Planting of Brassica napus[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(20): 4164-4176.

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序号	品系Line	类型 Type	序号	品系Line	类型 Type
1	16NS20H1	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	11	甘杂1号（CK）Ganza 1(CK)	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.
2	16NTS304H1	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	12	15PW16	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
3	16NTS312-2-1	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	13	15QX11W	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
4	16NTS312-2-2	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	14	16QDX15	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
5	16NTS312-2-6	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	15	16QX367HX	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
6	16NTS312-2-7	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	16	16RMC 4H	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
7	16NTS312-2-8	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	17	17RLX1-2	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
8	16NTS312-2-9	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	18	17RLX2-38	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
9	18NTS309	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	19	天油4号 Tianyou 4	白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.
10	18NTS309X1	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.

生态因子 Ecological factor	天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin
纬度 Latitude	34°33′	35°58′	36°12′
海拔高度 Altitude (m)	1210	2248	1898
最冷月平均气温The average temperature in the coldest month,ATCM (℃)	-3.3	-5.9	-5.3
最冷月平均最低气温The average lowest temperature in the coldest month,ALTCM (℃)	-8.2	-11.3	-11.1
年均温度 Annual average temperature,AAT (℃)	10.3℃	7.5℃	6.3℃
极端低温Extreme low temperature,ELT (℃)	-15.0	-25.6	-23.5
无霜期天数 Free frost days,FFD (d )	195	146	141
降水量 Precipitation (mm)	478.21	435.43	413.94
年平均蒸发量 Annual evaporation (mm)	1636.53	1632.93	1538.1

品系 Line	越冬率 Wintering rate (%)			生育期 Growth period (d)
品系 Line	天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin	天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin
16NS20H1	90	83	86	271	328	341
16NTS304H1	93	88	92	274	330	339
16NTS312-2-1	97	88	94	269	330	340
16NTS312-2-2	93	68	88	277	331	341
16NTS312-2-6	90	65	87	274	328	340
16NTS312-2-7	96	85	85	275	333	341
16NTS312-2-8	92	80	83	274	330	339
16NTS312-2-9	95	62	87	270	330	340
18NTS309	94	75	94	277	333	341
18NTS309X1	94	51	81	277	329	339
甘杂1号(CK) Ganza 1(CK)	87	45	43	273	333	339

品系 Line		天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin
甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	16NS20H1	3662.25bcde	3392.85cdefgh	3621.15bcdef
	16NTS304H1	3597.45bcdefg	3131.85cdefghi	3933.30bc
	16NTS312-2-1	3571.65bcdefg	2380.35hijk	5170.80a
	16NTS312-2-2	3261.00cdefghi	2354.85hijk	3965.55bc
	16NTS312-2-6	3618.15bcdef	1960.35jk	3712.65bcd
	16NTS312-2-7	4156.50bc	2538.75ghij	3766.50bcd
	16NTS312-2-8	3820.05bcd	2755.20defghij	3400.50bcdefgh
	16NTS312-2-9	3822.60bcd	2564.70fghij	3723.45bcd
	18NTS309	3561.30bcdefg	2277.75ijk	3551.25bcdefg
	18NTS309X1	3255.90cdefghi	2529.75ghij	4030.05bc
	甘杂1号（CK） Ganza 1(CK)	4472.25ab	2544.60ghij	3857.85bc
白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.	15QX 11W	2638.05efghij	1932.60jk	2765.10defghij
	17RLX1-2	2570.55fghij	1476.30k	3182.70cdefghi
	天油4号 Tianyou 4	2533.80ghij	1384.95k	3527.55bcdefg

性状 Character	纬度 Latitude	海拔 Altitude	最冷月平均温度 ATCM	最冷月平均最低气温 ALTCM	年平均温度 AAT	无霜期天数 FFD	极端低温 ELT
越冬率 Wintering rate	-0.673**	-0.005	0.604**	0.534**	0.336	0.462**	0. 905**
生育期 Growth period	0.841**	0.800**	-0.937**	-0.980**	-0.985**	-0.997**	-0.948**
产量 Output	-0.944**	-0.408*	0.939**	0.907**	0.757**	0.860**	0.934**

甘蓝型冬油菜北移种植的适应性分析

Analysis on the Adaptability of Northward Planting of Brassica napus

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农艺性状 Agronomic trait	甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.			白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.			较白菜型增加 Increased Compared with brassica rapa (%)
农艺性状 Agronomic trait	变异幅度 Variation range	均值 Mean	变异系数% Variation coefficient (%)	变异幅度 Variation range	均值 Mean	变异系数 Variation coefficient (%)	较白菜型增加 Increased Compared with brassica rapa (%)
株高 PH (cm)	114.6-167.2	139.06±2.64	10.92	99.7-146.3	124.00±2.24	8.56	12.15
分枝部位 BH (cm)	9.3-82.1	36.76±4.12	64.34	6.7-36.7	19.17±1.93	49.35	91.72
一次分枝 NFB	7.7-12.8	10.24±0.27	15.19	3.7-12.7	9.11±0.40	21.51	12.56
二次分枝 NSB	0.3-17.3	8.71±0.86	56.60	2.0-18.3	8.79±0.76	42.17	-0.91
主花序长度 LMF (cm)	22.0-58.7	40.31±1.89	26.96	36.7-64.0	47.43±1.65	17.04	-15.01
全株角果数 TSP	156.3-424.0	277.69±11.77	24.37	141.7-448.7	326.49±24.56	36.85	-14.95
角粒数 SPS	23.2-33.1	27.68±0.50	10.46	20.0-32.0	27.31±0.63	11.33	1.35
千粒重 SW (g)	3.467-5.111	4.38±0.07	8.56	2.176-4.766	3.51±0.14	20.18	24.73

农艺性状 Agronomic trait	天水 Tianshui		定西 Dingxi			白银 Baiyin
农艺性状 Agronomic trait	变异幅度 Variation range	均值 Mean	变异幅度 Variation range	均值 Mean	较天水增加 Increased compared with Tianshui (%)	变异幅度 Variation range	均值 Mean	较天水增加 Increased compared with Tianshui (%)
株高 PH (cm)	142.0-185.0	160.48±1.73	105.0-172.0	133.02±2.49	-17.11	103.0-154.0	131.22±2.25	-18.26
分枝部位 BH (cm)	45.0-95.0	69.42±2.35	3.0-49.0	18.00±2.20	-74.07	7.0-52.0	24.70±1.92	-64.41
一次分枝 NFB	5.0-19.0	10.30±0.47	6.0-17.0	10.73±0.53	4.17	6.0-14.0	9.83±0.33	-4.85
二次分枝 NSB	0.0-8.0	0.84±0.37	0.0-28.0	11.12±1.12	1223.81	2.0-27.0	10.53±0.97	1153.57
主花序长度 LMF (cm)	30.0-79.0	49.70±1.74	0.0-50.0	26.97±2.71	-45.73	24.0-59.5	42.85±1.57	-13.78
全株角果数 TSP	105.0-603.0	307.18±20.30	92.0-547.0	263.94±22.88	-14.18	131.0-643.0	277.67±25.55	-9.60
角粒数 SPS	19.0-34.0	26.73±0.67	22.3-39.3	28.82±0.67	7.81	21.0-32.7	26.87±0.64	0.75
千粒重 SW (g)	3.400-5.400	4.21±0.10	3.800-5.600	4.50±0.08	6.89	3.400-5.200	4.46±0.08	5.84

品系 Line	株高 PH (cm)	分枝部位 BH (cm)	一次分枝数 NF	二次分枝数 NSB	主花序长度 LMF (cm)	全株角果数 TSP	角粒数 SPS	千粒重 SD (g)
16NS20H1	0.1688	0.7465	0.1057	0.9126	0.2731	0.3172	0.0629	0.0242
16NTS304H1	0.1533	0.7849	0.1292	0.9213	0.3203	0.2224	0.1061	0.0398
16NTS312-2-1	0.1598	0.5649	0.1157	0.6171	0.1241	0.4097	0.0462	0.0445
16NTS312-2-2	0.1064	0.9073	0.0461	0.8665	0.2475	0.2096	0.0609	0.0863
16NTS312-2-6	0.1499	0.9202	0.2053	0.5528	0.3371	0.3125	0.0748	0.1543
16NTS312-2-7	0.1369	0.9055	0.0935	0.9056	0.5749	0.1608	0.1629	0.0463
16NTS312-2-8	0.0652	0.5223	0.3469	0.8490	0.1129	0.2564	0.1252	0.1195
16NTS312-2-9	0.1042	0.9761	0.1868	0.9853	0.3336	0.4454	0.1450	0.0951
18NTS309	0.1783	0.7670	0.1321	0.8408	0.3303	0.1768	0.0280	0.1124
18NTS309X1	0.0501	0.5039	0.0968	0.8681	0.1450	0.1994	0.0859	0.0615
甘杂1号（CK）Ganza 1 (CK)	0.1301	0.8817	0.2407	0.8755	0.3982	0.0389	0.0024	0.0864
试点间变异 Plot varieties	0.1230	0.7637	0.0676	0.7282	0.2446	0.1396	0.1230	0.0342
品系间变异 Variation among varieties	0.0164	0.1007	0.0870	0.2688	0.1351	0.0956	0.0741	0.0491
总变异 Total varieties	0.1110	0.6541	0.1563	0.7964	0.2739	0.2466	0.1008	0.0868

性状 Trait	纬度 Latitude	海拔 Altitude	最冷月平均温度 ATCM	最冷月平均最低气温 ALTCM	年平均温度 AAT	无霜期天数 FFD	极端低温 ELT
株高 PH	-0.801**	-0.608**	0.857**	0.872**	0.828**	0.867**	0.862**
分枝部位BH	-0.927**	-0.539**	0.954**	0.945**	0.841**	0.917**	0.954**
一次分枝NFB	0.041	-0.283	0.029	0.079	0.181	0.122	0.039
二次分枝NSB	0.824**	0.457**	-0.843**	-0.832**	-.733**	-.804**	-0.843**
主花序长度LMF	-0.735**	-0.031	0.665**	0.593**	0.385*	0.518**	0.651**
全株角果数TSP	-0.175	-0.298	0.226	0.256	0.299	0.277	0.232
角粒数SPS	0.326	-0.057	-0.279	-0.235	-0.121	-0.193	-0.27
千粒重SW	0.325	0.14	-0.323	-0.312	-0.26	-0.296	-0.322

品系 Line	天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin
16NS20H1	45.02abc	44.88abc	40.69cdefghi
16NTS304H1	43.01bcde	41.05bcdefgh	41.77bcdef
16NTS312-2-1	42.95bcde	40.67cdefghi	45.40ab
16NTS312-2-2	43.20bcd	39.43defghi	41.94bcdef
16NTS312-2-6	45.04abc	37.70fghij	44.70abc
16NTS312-2-7	44.41abc	37.24ghij	47.98a
16NTS312-2-8	43.98abc	36.56ijk	40.73cdefghi
16NTS312-2-9	44.58abc	39.40defghi	41.77bcdef
18NTS309	41.96bcdef	38.55efghij	41.37bcdefgh
18NTS309X1	45.41ab	34.64jk	43.26bcd
甘杂1号（CK）Ganza 1(CK)	42.58bcde	32.98k	41.67bcdefg

种类 Type	品系Line	天水 Tianshui	定西 Dingxi	白银 Baiyin
芥酸 Erucic (%)	16NS20H1	0.720h	0.74h	0.63h
	16NTS304H1	36.30ab	37.77a	36.82ab
	16NTS312-2-1	25.13bcde	22.34cdef	31.64abcd
	16NTS312-2-2	29.56abcd	28.95abcde	26.26abcde
	16NTS312-2-6	31.35abcd	26.78abcde	32.21abcd
	16NTS312-2-7	27.01abcde	27.44abcde	32.52abcd
	16NTS312-2-8	21.28def	17.29ef	13.08fg
	16NTS312-2-9	27.80abcde	24.60bcde	28.85abcde
	18NTS309	32.76 abcd	32.12abcd	30.31abcd
	18NTS309X1	33.67abc	35.53ab	35.49ab
	甘杂1号（CK） Ganza 1(CK)	2.16g	2.21g	3.04bg
硫代葡萄糖苷 Glucosino (μmol·g^-1)	16NS20H1	26.62mno	24.31mno	27.83lmno
	16NTS304H1	89.38abc	68.44cdefg	40.27ghijklmn
	16NTS312-2-1	32.28ijklmn	19.08no	21.99o
	16NTS312-2-2	56.28efghijk	27.80lmno	25.17mno
	16NTS312-2-6	55.08efghijkl	47.77ghijklm	30.89jklm
	16NTS312-2-7	53.53fghijkl	29.34klmn	19.50no
	16NTS312-2-8	57.29efghijk	42.64ghijklm	31.14ijklmn
	16NTS312-2-9	59.36efghi	35.89hijklmn	30.57jklmn
	18NTS309	44.78ghijklmn	49.68ghijklm	78.92bcdef
	18NTS309X1	81.84bcd	41.37ghijklmnn	58.03efghij
	甘杂1号（CK） Ganza 1(CK)	113.14a	63.15defgh	77.31abc

性状 Character	纬度 Latitude	海拔 Altitude	最冷月平均温度 ATCM	最冷月平均最低气温 ALTCM	年平均温度 AAT	无霜期天数 FFD	极端低温 ELT
含油量 Oil content	-0.727**	0.075	0.633**	0.544**	0.305	0.456**	0.616**
芥酸 Erucic	0.011	0.165	-0.048	-0.074	-0.123	-0.095	-0.053
硫苷 Glucosino	-0.426*	-0.433*	0.482**	0.508**	0.519**	0.520**	0.488**

类型 Type	品系 Line	抗折力Flexural strength	倒伏指数Lodging index
甘蓝型油菜 Brassica napus L.	16NS20H1	30.47bcd	0.0736cd
	16NTS304H1	47.00ab	0.0589cd
	16NTS312-2-1	39.67bc	0.0431cd
	16NTS312-2-2	28.17bcd	0.0769cd
	16NTS312-2-6	37.07bcd	0.0835bcd
	16NTS312-2-7	36.00bcd	0.0468cd
	16NTS312-2-8	39.00bc	0.0380d
	16NTS312-2-9	65.33a	0.0896bcd
	18NTS309	31.00bcd	0.0390cd
	18NTS309X1	38.01bcd	0.0763cd
	甘杂1号（CK） Ganza 1（CK）	49.50ab	0.0373d
白菜型油菜 Brassica campestris L.	15PW16	19.20cd	0.1079bcd
	15QX11W	17.48cd	0.2231b
	16QDX15	20.17cd	0.1861bc
	16QX367HX	19.80cd	0.1078bcd
	16RMC 4H	19.33cd	0.14039bcd
	17RLX1-2	16.03d	0.3611a
	17RLX2-38	17.67cd	0.1086bcd
	天油4号 Tianyou 4	22.83cd	0.1090bcd

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