化学调控和氮肥对高密度下春玉米光热水利用效率和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (15): 3083-3094.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.009

• 专题：综合农艺管理与春玉米缩差增效 • 上一篇下一篇

化学调控和氮肥对高密度下春玉米光热水利用效率和产量的影响

刘笑鸣¹(),顾万荣¹(),李从锋²,张立国³,王明泉³,龚士琛³,陈喜昌³,李彩凤¹,魏湜¹,李文华³

¹东北农业大学农学院,哈尔滨 150030
²中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081
³黑龙江省农业科学院玉米研究所,哈尔滨 150086

收稿日期:2020-04-08 接受日期:2020-07-06 出版日期:2020-08-01 发布日期:2020-08-06
通讯作者: 顾万荣
作者简介:刘笑鸣,E-mail： liuxming1995@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFD0300103);国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0300506);国家重点研发计划项目黑龙江省配套资金项目(GX18B029);东北农业大学“学术骨干”基金(17XG23)

Effects of Chemical Regulation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Radiation, Heat and Water Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize Under Dense Planting Condition

LIU XiaoMing¹(),GU WanRong¹(),LI CongFeng²,ZHANG LiGuo³,WANG MingQuan³,GONG ShiChen³,CHEN XiChang³,LI CaiFeng¹,WEI Shi¹,LI WenHua³

¹College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030
²Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
³Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086

Received:2020-04-08 Accepted:2020-07-06 Online:2020-08-01 Published:2020-08-06
Contact: WanRong GU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨高密度下化学调控和氮肥对玉米光合特性、籽粒灌浆及光热水利用效率的影响,为玉米密植抗逆高产高效栽培提供依据。【方法】于2017—2018年哈尔滨区域玉米生长季,在大田高密度种植下（90 000株/hm²）,设置3个不同氮肥水平N100（100 kg·hm^-2）、N200（200 kg·hm^-2）和N300（300 kg·hm^-2）,7叶期喷施化控剂（玉黄金,30%胺鲜酯·乙烯利水剂）,研究化控和氮肥对高密度种植下玉米生长发育和光热水利用效率的影响。【结果】随氮肥施用量的增加,玉米叶片净光合速率（P_n）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、籽粒内源激素含量、灌浆速率、光热水利用效率（RUE、HUE和WUE）及产量均呈先升高后降低趋势,在施氮量200 kg·hm^-2下达到最大。与单施氮肥处理相比,化控和氮肥共同作用显著提高了叶片P_n和F_v/F_m,提高了籽粒内源激素含量和灌浆速率,RUE、HUE和WUE显著提高,使产量得到进一步增加。相关分析表明,灌浆速率与籽粒内源激素生长素（IAA）、细胞分裂素（CTK）、赤霉素（GA）和脱落酸（ABA）含量极显著正相关,产量与RUE、HUE和WUE显著正相关。【结论】高种植密度下,200 kg·hm^-2施氮量和化控显著改善玉米的光合特性,促进了籽粒灌浆进程,提高了光热水利用效率,显著提高了产量。

关键词: 玉米, 光合特性, 化学调控, 氮肥, 产量, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 This experiment was conducted to study the effects of chemical regulation and nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthesis, grain filling characteristics and radiation, heat and water utilization efficiency of maize under high planting density, so as to provide a theoretical basis for stress resistance, high yield and high efficiency of maize under high planting density. 【Method】 The experiment was performed with three nitrogen rates, N100 (100 kg·hm^-2), N200 (200 kg·hm^-2) and N300 (300 kg·hm^-2) under high planting density (90 000 plants/hm²) during the maize growth season from 2017 to 2018. Chemical control (Yuhuangjin, 30% amine fresh ester·ethyl hydroxide) was sprayed at the seventh leaf stage. The effects of chemical control and nitrogen application on maize growth and development and radiation (RUE), heat utilization efficiency (HUE) and water utilization efficiency (WUE) under high density were studied. 【Result】 With the nitrogen application increasing, the 8 indexes, including net photosynthetic rate (P_n), max photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) of maize leaves, the content of grain endogenous hormones, grain filling rate, radiation utilization efficiency, heat utilization efficiency, water utilization efficiency and yield, first increased and then decreased, and all reached the maximum at 200 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen rate. Compared with the single application of nitrogen fertilizer, the combination of chemical control and nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased P_n and F_v/F_m in leaves, endogenous hormone content in grains, grain filling rate, RUE, HUE, and WUE, which further increased grain yield. The correlation analysis showed that the grain filling rate was positively correlated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA), while the yield was positively correlated with RUE, HUE and WUE.【Conclusion】 Under high planting density, 200 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application and chemical control significantly improved the photosynthetic characteristics, promoted the grain filling process, improved radiation, heat and water utilization efficiency, and significantly increased the yield.

Key words: maize, photosynthetic characteristics, chemical regulation, nitrogen fertilizer, yield, resource utilization efficiency

刘笑鸣,顾万荣,李从锋,张立国,王明泉,龚士琛,陈喜昌,李彩凤,魏湜,李文华. 化学调控和氮肥对高密度下春玉米光热水利用效率和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3083-3094.

LIU XiaoMing,GU WanRong,LI CongFeng,ZHANG LiGuo,WANG MingQuan,GONG ShiChen,CHEN XiChang,LI CaiFeng,WEI Shi,LI WenHua. Effects of Chemical Regulation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Radiation, Heat and Water Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize Under Dense Planting Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3083-3094.

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月份 Month	平均温度 Average temperature (℃)		降雨量 Precipitation (mm)		日照时数 Sunshine hours (h)		平均风速 Average wind speed (m·s^-1)
月份 Month	2017	2018	2017	2018	2017	2018	2017	2018
5月 May	16.7	16.6	51.8	12.2	261	257	4.68	3.14
6月 June	19.9	21.2	92.2	186.4	218	202	2.82	3.22
7月 July	24.7	24.9	50.2	172.1	252	159	2.62	2.95
8月 August	22.1	21.4	215.2	121.9	168	184	3.05	2.33
9月 September	15.0	15.3	37.0	76.7	200	178	2.81	2.56

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	方程参数 Parameter of equation			籽粒灌浆参数 Parameter of grain filling
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	A	B	C	T_max (d)	V_max (g·100-kernel^-1·d^-1)	V_m (g·100-kernel^-1·d^-1)	P (d)
2017	N100+CK	32.30	47.86	0.1408	27.47	1.1370	0.5374	42.61
	N200+CK	33.84	44.48	0.1412	26.88	1.1946	0.5695	42.49
	N300+CK	31.12	53.52	0.1469	27.09	1.1429	0.5331	40.84
	N100+Y	33.09	41.39	0.1395	26.69	1.1540	0.5549	43.01
	N200+Y	36.39	40.18	0.1382	26.72	1.2573	0.6068	43.42
	N300+Y	32.89	40.84	0.1393	26.63	1.1454	0.5517	43.07
2018	N100+CK	30.61	60.83	0.1427	28.79	1.0920	0.5019	42.05
	N200+CK	34.16	53.91	0.1369	29.13	1.1691	0.5449	43.83
	N300+CK	34.50	51.45	0.1335	29.52	1.1514	0.5396	44.94
	N100+Y	32.75	54.24	0.1405	28.42	1.1503	0.5358	42.70
	N200+Y	37.00	42.72	0.1335	28.12	1.2349	0.5916	44.94
	N300+Y	34.64	46.71	0.1367	28.12	1.1838	0.5611	43.89

年份 Year	项目 Item	IAA	CTK	GA	ABA
2017	花后10d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 10 d after anthesis	0.95**	0.90*	0.79	0.88*
	花后15d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 15 d after anthesis	0.97**	0.92**	0.79	0.92**
	花后20d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 20 d after anthesis	0.98**	0.89*	0.78	0.91*
	花后25d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 25 d after anthesis	0.74	0.80	0.54	0.65
	花后30d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 30 d after anthesis	0.54	0.46	0.30	0.46
2018	花后10d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 10 d after anthesis	0.83*	0.89*	0.95**	0.95**
	花后15d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 15 d after anthesis	0.90*	0.97**	0.93**	0.91*
	花后20d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 20 d after anthesis	0.92**	0.90*	0.91*	0.68
	花后25d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 25 d after anthesis	0.88*	0.93**	0.70	0.89*
	花后30d灌浆速率 Grain filling rate on 30 d after anthesis	0.81*	0.41	0.41	0.28

处理 Treatment	光能利用效率 RUE (%)		热量利用效率HUE (kg·hm^-2·℃^-1·d^-1)		水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
处理 Treatment	2017	2018	2017	2018	2017	2018
N100+CK	2.42bc	2.43d	3.48b	2.95c	20.55c	19.14c
N200+CK	2.48b	2.57c	3.73ab	3.34ab	22.14abc	21.07bc
N300+CK	2.68a	2.47d	3.61b	3.05bc	21.44bc	19.33c
N100+Y	2.40c	2.62bc	3.69b	3.20bc	22.56abc	19.90bc
N200+Y	2.66a	2.70a	3.99a	3.65a	24.30a	24.03a
N300+Y	2.69a	2.67ab	3.71ab	3.34ab	23.22ab	22.03ab

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike (ear/hm²)		穗粒数 Kernel per ear		千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)		产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	2017	2018	2017	2018	2017	2018	2017	2018
N100+CK	81078a	80325a	541c	531c	332b	294c	10511c	9840bc
N200+CK	81654a	80793a	568b	550bc	327b	298bc	11548b	10430b
N300+CK	81782a	78685b	560b	533c	316c	298bc	11053bc	9204c
N100+Y	81657a	81052a	571b	556abc	340ab	306bc	11427b	9990bc
N200+Y	81683a	81184a	591a	581a	351a	327a	12646a	11704a
N300+Y	82150a	81167a	570b	566ab	339ab	314ab	11921b	10732ab

化学调控和氮肥对高密度下春玉米光热水利用效率和产量的影响

Effects of Chemical Regulation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Radiation, Heat and Water Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize Under Dense Planting Condition

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