土壤侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地耕层物理及力学特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.09.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】紫色土坡耕地是南方丘陵区农业生产重要的耕地资源,其耕层土壤退化主要为物理退化。为了探讨土壤侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地耕层物理特性及力学特性退化的影响,在耕层土壤退化分级的基础上,定量分析了不同侵蚀程度下紫色土坡耕地耕层物理、力学特性及土壤退化指数的变化特征。【方法】采用铲土侵蚀模拟试验方法,以未侵蚀地块为对照组（CK）,对比分析了侵蚀5 cm（S_-5）、10 cm（S_-10）、15 cm（S_-15）、20 cm（S_-20）条件下紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤渗透性、土壤力学特性及土壤退化指数变化特征,对坡耕地耕层物理、力学特性的退化程度进行了定量分析。【结果】（1）紫色土坡耕地不同侵蚀程度下耕层土壤渗透性为CK>S_-5>S_-10>S_-15>S_-20,土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率、饱和导水率随着侵蚀程度加剧而降低,S_-20土壤渗透性能最差;不同侵蚀程度下紫色土坡耕地均表现为0—20 cm土层的土壤渗透性指标高于20—40 cm土层的。（2）紫色土坡耕地不同侵蚀程度耕层土壤力学性质为CK-5-10-15-20,土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度随侵蚀程度加剧而增加。不同侵蚀程度下紫色土坡耕地各层土壤力学指标均表现为0—20 cm土层的高于20—40 cm土层的。（3）土壤抗剪强度对第一轴贡献率最大,土壤抗剪强度是影响不同侵蚀程度下紫色土坡耕地土壤物理性质及力学特性变化的主要因素。紫色土坡耕地土壤物理性质及力学特性与第一轴相关性排序表现为稳定入渗率>土壤紧实度>饱和导水率>平均入渗率>初始入渗率>抗剪强度。（4）不同侵蚀程度下紫色土坡耕地土壤退化指数大小为S_-5（-8.71%）>S_-10（-10.95%）>S_-20（-12.17%）>S_-15（-15.37%）,S_-15处理对耕层物理性质影响最大,S_-15土壤退化指数最小,土壤退化程度为重度退化。不同侵蚀条件下,紫色土坡耕地土壤退化指数10—20 cm土层的最大,土壤退化对10—20 cm土层影响最小。【结论】紫色土坡耕地土壤退化现象严重,不同侵蚀程度土壤的退化等级分为4级,分别为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化。研究结果可为坡耕地耕层质量退化过程辨识及恢复调控提供技术参数。

关键词: 紫色土, 土壤侵蚀, 坡耕地, 耕层, 土壤退化作用, 土壤物理特性

Abstract:

【Objective】Purple soil slope farmland is an important cultivated land resource for agricultural production in southern hilly area. In order to study the effects of soil erosion on the physical properties and mechanical properties degradation of purple soil slope arable land, based on the classification of soil degradation, the change characteristics of physical and mechanical properties and soil degradation index under different erosion degrees were quantitatively analyzed. 【Method】With non-eroded plots as control group, the soil permeability, soil mechanical properties and soil degradation index of cultivated-layer were compared and analyzed under 5 cm (S_-5), 10 cm (S_-10), 15 cm (S_-15) and 20 cm (S_-20) erosion conditions by shovel soil erosion simulation test method, and the degradation degree of physical and mechanical properties of sloping farmland was quantitatively analyzed. 【Result】Soil permeability of cultivated-layer under different erosion degrees was CK>S_-5>S_-10>S_-15>S_-20. The initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, average infiltration rate and saturated water conductivity of soil decreased with the increase of erosion degree. Soil permeability index of each layer under different erosion degrees was 0-20 cm soil layer>20-40 cm soil layer. Soil mechanical properties of different erosion degrees were CK-5-10-15-20. Soil shear strength and soil compacted degree increased with erosion degree. Soil mechanical indexes of all layers under different erosion degrees were 0-20 cm soil layer<20-40 cm soil layer. The contribution rate of soil shear strength to the first axis was the largest, and soil shear strength was the main factor affecting the change of soil physical properties and mechanical properties under different erosion degrees. Soil physical properties and mechanical properties were ranked as stable infiltration rate>soil compaction>saturated water conductivity>average infiltration rate>initial infiltration rate>shear strength. Soil degradation index of under different erosion degrees was S_-5 (-8.71%)>S_-10 (-10.95%)>S_-20 (-12.17%)>S_-15 (-15.37%). S_-15 had the greatest influence on the topsoil physical properties, and the S_-15 soil degradation index was the smallest, with the degree of soil degradation being severe. 【Conclusion】Soil compaction was serious in slope farmland of purple soil. According to soil infiltration and mechanical properties, the soil degradation grade with different erosion degree could be classified into four grades: undegraded, mild degradation, moderate degradation and severe degradation. The results could provide the technical parameters for the identification and restoration control of the quality degradation process of sloping farmland.

Key words: purple soil, soil erosion, slope farmland, top layer, soil degradation, physical characteristics of soil

江娜,史东梅,蒋光毅,宋鸽,司承静,叶青. 土壤侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地耕层物理及力学特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(9): 1845-1859.

Na JIANG,DongMei SHI,GuangYi JIANG,Ge SONG,ChengJing SI,Qing YE. Effects of Soil Erosion on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cultivated Layer of Purple Soil Slope Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(9): 1845-1859.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.09.012

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2020/V53/I9/1845

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原始不同土层(h_i) Original different soil layers (cm)	模拟侵蚀深度/模拟侵蚀年限Simulated erosion depth (cm)/Simulated erosion age (a)
	0/0	5/20	10/40	15/60	20/80
	S_-0	S_-5	S_-10	S_-15	S_-20
0-20	20	15.55	12.09	9.40	5.50
20-25	-	4.45	3.46	2.69	3.90
25-30	-	-	4.45	3.46	2.69
30-35	-	-	-	4.45	3.46
35-40	-	-	-	-	4.45

	主成分 Principal component		Norm值 Norm value
	F₁	F₂	Norm值 Norm value
X₁饱和导水率Saturated hydraulic conductivity	0.021	0.997	1.02
X₂初始入渗率Initial soil infiltration	0.978	0.125	1.64
X₃稳定入渗率Stable infiltration rate	0.939	-0.161	1.58
X₄平均入渗率Average infiltration ratio	0.982	0.008	1.64
主成分特征值Principal component eigenvalue	2.802	1.036	-
主要方差贡献率Contribution rate of major variance	70.06	25.91	-
主要成分累积贡献率Cumulative contribution rate of major components	70.06	95.97	-

处理 Manage	0-10 cm		10-20 cm		20-30 cm		30-40 cm		平均得分 The average score	排序 The sorting	退化程度 Degradation
处理 Manage	得分 Score	排序 The sorting	得分 Score	排序 The sorting	得分 Score	排序 The sorting	得分 Score	排序 The sorting	平均得分 The average score	排序 The sorting	退化程度 Degradation
CK	3.06	1.00	1.23	1.00	0.50	2.00	0.25	2.00	1.26	1	未退化 Non degradation
S_-5	1.53	1.00	0.90	2.00	-0.07	3.00	-0.78	3.00	0.40	2	轻度退化 Mild degradation
S_-10	0.72	2.00	0.38	2.00	0.05	2.00	-0.74	3.00	0.10	2	轻度退化 Mild degradation
S_-15	0.19	2.00	-0.13	3.00	-1.25	4.00	-1.64	4.00	-0.71	3	中度退化 Moderate degradation
S_-20	0.06	2.00	-0.41	3.00	-1.59	4.00	-2.08	4.00	-1.01	4	重度退化 Severe degradation

	土壤容重 Soil bulk density	土壤总孔隙度 Soil total porosity	毛管孔隙度 Soil capillary porosity	砂粒Sand	粉粒 Silt	黏粒 Clay	饱和导水率 Saturated hydraulic conductivity	初始入渗率 Initial soil infiltration	平均入渗率 Average infiltration rate	稳定入渗率 Stable infiltration rate	抗剪强度 Soil shear strength	土壤紧实度 Soil compactibility
Z₁	1
Z₂	-1.000**	1
Z₃	-0.696**	0.698**	1
Z₄	0.655**	-0.655**	-0.517*	1
Z₅	-0.770**	0.770**	0.549*	-0.978**	1
Z₆	0.880**	-0.881**	-0.741**	0.429	-0.561*	1
X₁	-0.859**	0.858**	0.697**	-0.774**	0.841**	-0.824**	1
X₂	-0.924**	0.923**	0.763**	-0.709**	0.789**	-0.873**	0.947**	1
X₃	-0.750**	0.749**	0.595**	-0.814**	0.843**	-0.614**	0.853**	0.857**	1
X₄	-0.935**	0.934**	0.788**	-0.684**	0.766**	-0.865**	0.909**	0.973**	0.872**	1
Y₅	0.889**	-0.890**	-0.696**	0.435	-0.572**	0.991**	-0.840**	-0.889**	-0.644**	-0.876**	1
Y₆	0.769**	-0.770**	-0.968**	0.547*	-0.606**	0.840**	-0.758**	-0.825**	-0.668**	-0.841**	0.807**	1

	Axis 1	Axis 2	Axis 3	Axis 4
特征值Eigenvalue	0.0023	0.0004	0.0003	0
解释变异（累计）Explained variation (cumulative)	73.50	86.03	94.57	94.85
Pseudo-canonical相关性Pseudo-canonical correlation	0.9950	0.9847	0.8347	0.7174
解释拟合变异（累积）Explained fitted variation (cumulative)	77.48	90.70	99.70	100.00