雨强和地下孔（裂）隙度对喀斯特坡耕地养分流失的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.01.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同降雨强度和地下孔（裂）隙下,喀斯特区坡耕地表和地下土壤养分流失途径及流失规律,为喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分流失控制和农业面源污染防治提供理论依据。【方法】以喀斯特区坡度为15°的坡耕地为研究对象,通过模拟其地表形态和地下孔（裂）隙特征,设置不同雨强（30、50、70、90 mm·h^-1）和地下孔（裂）隙度（1%、3%、5%）交叉试验共36场降雨,探索喀斯特坡耕地地表和地下养分流失特征。【结果】（1）雨强对喀斯特区坡耕地产流产沙影响显著（P<0.05）,地表、地下产流产沙量随雨强增大而增加,其产流产沙从地下过渡到地上的临界雨强可能在30—50 mm·h^-1;随地下孔（裂）隙度增大,地下产流产沙量增加,地表呈相反的规律。（2）喀斯特坡耕地径流养分主要通过地表流失,小雨强下通过地下孔（裂）隙流失;径流中全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）流失量和流失模数均随雨强增大而上升,雨强对各径流养分流失浓度影响不明显。地表养分流失量和流失模数随地下孔（裂）隙度增加而下降,地下反之。地下孔（裂）隙度的增加使地下径流养分流失占比逐渐增加。（3）养分会通过附着于泥沙流失,其中以地表泥沙流失为主。地表、地下各泥沙养分平均流失浓度、流失量和流失模数均随降雨强度增大而增加,其中TK流失平均浓度和流失量在不同雨强下显著高于TN和TP。同雨强下,地表泥沙各养分平均流失浓度、流失量和流失模数随孔（裂）隙度增加呈减小趋势,地下反之,但流失量从地表为主到地表与地下二者并重。（4）相关性分析表明,降雨强度与径流和泥沙流失量均呈现显著正相关关系,雨强对各养分径流的影响高于泥沙,地表径流受雨强影响最大。地下孔（裂）隙度对泥沙养分流失量的影响高于径流,而泥沙养分中地下泥沙养分流失量受其影响较大。【结论】喀斯特坡耕地养分主要通过地表流失,但地下孔（裂）隙对养分流失的影响不容忽视。在坡耕地养分流失防治上,地表通过增加植被覆盖度和添加枯落物等方式减缓坡耕地产流产沙量,地下通过植被根系固定土壤,防止养分通过孔（裂）隙向地下渗漏进而达到减少坡耕地土壤养分流失。

关键词: 养分流失, 雨强, 地下孔隙度, 径流, 泥沙, 喀斯特坡耕地

Abstract:

【Objective】 The ways and laws of soil nutrient loss and surface loss in slope farmland in karst area under different rainfall intensities and underground holes (fissures) were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for the control of soil nutrient loss and agricultural non-point source pollution control in karst slope farmland. 【Method】 Taking the slope farmland with a slope of 15° in the karst area as the research object, the surface morphology and underground pore (fissures) characteristics of karst slope farmland were simulated under different rain intensities (30, 50, 70, and 90 mm·h^-1) and underground pore (fissures) gap degrees (1%, 3%, and 5%), with a total of 36 rainfalls in the cross-test, in order to explore the characteristics of surface and underground nutrient loss. 【Result】 (1)Rain intensity had a significant effect on runoff and sediment production on slope farmland in karst area (P<0.05). Surface and underground runoff and sediment production increased with the increase of rain intensity, and its critical rain intensity might be between 30 and 50 mm·h^-1, when the runoff and sediment production were from the underground to the ground; with the increase of the underground pore (fissures) gap, the amount of underground runoff and sand production increased, and the surface was in the opposite pattern. (2)The loss of runoff nutrients in karst slope farmland was mainly through the surface form, which was through the form of underground pores (fissures) under the light rain intensity; the loss and modulus of TN, TP and TK in runoff increased with the increase of rain intensity, and the effect of rain intensity on the nutrient loss concentration of each runoff was not obvious. In addition, the amount of nutrient loss and the loss modulus of the ground surface decreased with the increase of the underground pore (fissures) gap, and vice versa and the increase of underground pore (fissures) gap made the proportion of underground runoff nutrient loss gradually increase. (3)Nutrients would be lost through the form of attachment to the sediment, of which the surface sediment was mainly lost. The average loss concentration, loss amount and loss modulus of each sediment nutrient on the surface and underground increased with the increase of rainfall intensity, and the average concentration and loss amount of TK loss were significantly higher than TN and TP under different rainfall intensities. Under the same rain intensity, the average loss concentration, loss amount and loss modulus of surface nutrients showed a decreasing trend with the increase of pore (fissures) porosity, and the opposite was underground, but the loss amount was mainly from the surface to the surface and underground. Both were equally important. (4)Correlation analysis showed that rainfall intensity had a significant positive correlation with runoff and sediment loss. The impact of rain intensity on nutrient runoff was higher than sediment, and surface runoff was most affected by rain intensity. The effect of underground pore (fissures) gap on the loss of sediment nutrients was higher than that of runoff. Among the sediment nutrients, the loss of underground sediment nutrients was greatly affected by it. 【Conclusion】The surface was the main form of nutrient loss in karst slope farmland, and the effect of underground pores (fissures) on nutrient loss could not be ignored. In the prevention and control of nutrient loss on slope farmland, the surface could slow down the runoff and sediment yield of slope farmland by increasing vegetation coverage and adding litter, etc. The underground soil was fixed by the roots of the vegetation, thus reducing the leakage of nutrients to the underground through the fissure, thereby reducing the soil nutrient loss of the slope farmland.

Key words: nutrient loss, rainfall intensity, underground fissure porosity, runoff, sediment, karst slope farmland

姚一文,戴全厚,甘艺贤,高儒学,严友进,王玉红. 雨强和地下孔（裂）隙度对喀斯特坡耕地养分流失的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(1): 140-151.

YAO YiWen,DAI QuanHou,GAN YiXian,GAO RuXue,YAN YouJin,WANG YuHong. Effects of Rainfall Intensity and Underground Hole (Fracture) Gap on Nutrient Loss in Karst Sloping Farmland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(1): 140-151.

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颗粒组成Particle composition (%)			养分Nutrient
砂粒 Sand (0.02-2 mm)	粉粒 Silt (0.002-0.02 mm)	黏粒 Clay (<0.002 mm)	全氮TN (g·kg^-1)	全磷TP (g·kg^-1)	全钾TK (g·kg^-1)
37.34	47.53	15.00	1.72±0.11	1.69±0.10	8.47±0.06

指标 Index	孔(裂)隙度 Fissure porosity (%)	地表Surface				地下Underground
指标 Index	孔(裂)隙度 Fissure porosity (%)	30 mm·h^-1	50 mm·h^-1	70 mm·h^-1	90 mm·h^-1	30 mm·h^-1	50 mm·h^-1	70 mm·h^-1	90 mm·h^-1
产流量Runoff yield	1	0	59.15±3.57Ac	88.35±4.42Ab	111.24±5.56Aa	27.78±1.67Cd	36.63±1.83Bc	49.26±2.46Bb	56.06±3.38Ba
	3	0	58.74±3.54Ac	69.18±3.46Bb	84.59±4.23Ba	34.55±2.08Bd	41.15±2.06Bc	47.66±2.38Bb	62.46±3.77Ba
	5	0	26.23±1.58Bc	46.76±2.34Cb	52.76±2.64Ca	53.62±3.32Ad	65.52±3.28Ac	104.49±5.22Ab	135.21±6.76Aa
产沙量Sediment yield	1	0	32.84±1.98Ab	47.31±2.37Aa	48.93±2.45Aa	4.84±0.29Bd	6.31±0.32Bc	7.82±0.39Ba	7.08±0.43Cb
	3	0	16.56±1.00Bc	24.22±1.21Bb	41.61±2.08Ba	5.02±0.30Bd	6.85±0.34Bc	8.45±0.42Bb	11.73±0.71Ba
	5	0	7.77±0.47Cc	17.14±0.86Cb	28.21±1.41Ca	7.39±0.45Ad	11.90±0.59Ac	20.19±1.01Ab	34.89±2.10Aa

养分 Nutrient	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·h^-1)	地表径流Surface runoff			地下径流Underground runoff			地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
养分 Nutrient	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·h^-1)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
全氮 TN	30	0	0	0	2.00	55.98c	19.32	100.00
	50	2.76	160.44c	55.37	1.98	71.84b	24.79	30.93
	70	2.51	219.18b	75.64	2.01	92.23a	31.83	29.62
	90	2.51	276.06a	95.27	1.69	97.24a	33.56	26.05
全磷 TP	30	0	0	0	0.11	2.56c	0.88	100.00
	50	0.39	14.90b	5.14	0.21	7.88b	2.72	34.59
	70	0.20	23.30a	8.04	0.19	9.03a	3.12	27.93
	90	0.23	23.75a	8.20	0.14	7.46b	2.57	23.90
全钾 TK	30	0	0	0	0.22	5.28d	1.82	100.00
	50	0.44	26.12c	9.01	0.21	7.19c	2.48	21.59
	70	0.43	35.59b	12.28	0.23	11.47b	3.96	24.37
	90	0.41	47.58a	16.42	0.23	12.99a	4.48	21.45

养分 Nutrient	孔(裂)隙度 Fissure porosity (%)	地表径流Surface runoff			地下径流Underground runoff			地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
养分 Nutrient	孔(裂)隙度 Fissure porosity (%)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
全氮 TN	1	2.51b	276.06a	95.27	1.69	92.23c	31.83	25.04
	3	3.18a	272.52a	94.05	2.55	157.82b	54.46	36.67
	5	2.47c	129.51b	44.69	2.18	293.77a	101.38	69.40
全磷 TP	1	0.23a	23.75a	8.20	0.14	7.46c	2.57	23.90
	3	0.24a	20.76a	7.16	0.19	11.50b	3.97	35.64
	5	0.19b	9.91b	3.42	0.25	32.11a	11.08	76.42
全钾 TK	1	0.43c	47.58a	16.42	0.23	12.99c	4.48	21.44
	3	0.58b	45.69a	15.77	0.34	20.97b	7.24	31.46
	5	0.63a	32.86b	11.34	0.37	48.84a	16.85	59.78

养分 Nutrient	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·h^-1)	地表泥沙Surface sediment			地下泥沙Underground sediment			地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
养分 Nutrient	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·h^-1)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	平均流失浓度 Average loss concentration (mg·L^-1)	流失量 Total loss (mg)	养分流失模数 Nutrient loss modulus (mg·m^-2·h^-1)	地下流失比 Underground loss ratio (%)
全氮 TN	30	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.21c	0.59c	0.20	100.00
	50	1.26c	4.12b	1.42	1.41b	0.90b	0.31	17.85
	70	1.48b	7.46a	2.58	1.42b	1.10b	0.38	12.83
	90	1.66a	7.48a	2.58	1.72a	1.22a	0.42	14.05
全磷 TP	30	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.83a	0.89b	0.31	100.00
	50	1.59b	5.38c	1.86	1.64b	1.05a	0.36	16.32
	70	1.69ab	7.94b	2.74	1.63b	1.29a	0.45	13.97
	90	1.72a	8.37a	2.89	1.62b	1.16a	0.47	12.20
全钾 TK	30	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.04a	3.81d	1.32	100.00
	50	8.70c	28.62b	9.88	7.82a	4.87c	1.68	14.55
	70	9.13b	43.17a	14.90	8.11a	6.25a	2.16	12.65
	90	9.37a	45.34a	15.65	7.75a	5.38b	1.86	10.61