中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (19): 3323-3336.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.19.004
孙仕军,朱振闯,陈志君,杨丹,张旭东
收稿日期:
2019-04-09
接受日期:
2019-07-25
出版日期:
2019-10-01
发布日期:
2019-10-11
作者简介:
作者简介:孙仕军,E-mail:sunshijun2000@yeah.net
基金资助:
SUN ShiJun,ZHU ZhenChuang,CHEN ZhiJun,YANG Dan,ZHANG XuDong
Received:
2019-04-09
Accepted:
2019-07-25
Online:
2019-10-01
Published:
2019-10-11
摘要:
【目的】 探求不同颜色地膜和种植密度对东北雨养区春玉米田间地温、耗水量、产量和降水利用效率的影响,进一步挖掘旱作雨养玉米水分生产潜力。【方法】 2016—2018年开展了3种覆盖处理(裸地、透明地膜覆盖和黑色地膜覆盖)和3种种植密度(60 000、75 000和90 000株/hm 2)的栽培试验,定位监测0—25 cm土壤耕层温度和0—120 cm土壤水分动态变化,结合作物产量分析农田水分利用效率。【结果】 在生育前期,透明地膜覆盖处理土壤耕层积温显著高于黑色地膜覆盖处理,黑色地膜覆盖处理土壤耕层积温显著高于裸地处理;种植密度的增加使得玉米拔节期以后的土壤耕层积温下降;从全生育期耗水量看,黑色地膜和透明地膜覆盖处理间无显著差异,但均显著低于裸地处理;无论在平水年还是枯水年,玉米耗水量均随种植密度的增加而增加;黑色地膜覆盖玉米产量和水分利用效率显著提高,平均较透明地膜分别高4.3%和4.6%,较裸地分别高9.2%和13.3%;在相同覆盖处理下,产量和水分利用效率随着种植密度的增加而增加;在高密度处理下,地膜覆盖明显提高经济效益,黑色地膜覆盖平均比透明地膜覆盖获得的利润多807.82元/hm 2。【结论】 黑色地膜覆盖结合高密度(90 000株/hm 2)栽培模式,在保证玉米高产的基础上,水分利用效率达到最高,本研究可为东北雨养旱作玉米进一步挖掘降水生产潜力及增产增效提供参考。
孙仕军,朱振闯,陈志君,杨丹,张旭东. 不同颜色地膜和种植密度对春玉米田间地温、耗水及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(19): 3323-3336.
SUN ShiJun,ZHU ZhenChuang,CHEN ZhiJun,YANG Dan,ZHANG XuDong. Effects of Different Colored Plastic Film Mulching and Planting Density on Soil Temperature, Evapotranspiration and Yield of Spring Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(19): 3323-3336.
图5
2016—2018不同处理对玉米各生育时期耕层积温的影响 S:苗期(2016.05.01-2016.06.12,2017.05.03-2017.06.15,2018.04.28-2018.06.11);J:拔节期(2016.06.13-2016.07.09,2017.06.16-2017.07.11,2018.06.12-2018.07.07);H:抽穗期(2016.07.10-2016.07.23,2017.07.12-2017.07.24,2018.07.08-2018.07.19);G:灌浆期(2016.07.24-2016.08.16,2017.07.25-2017.08.15,2018.07.20-2018.08.12);M:成熟期(2016.08.17-2016.08.27,2017.08.16-2017.09.23,2018.08.13-2018.09.19)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同"
表2
2016-2018不同处理对玉米产量的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|
M0D1 | 10516.0±369.6b | 10540.1±351.9b | 9708.3±422.4b |
M0D2 | 13086.0±511.7a | 12124.1±565.3a | 11032.8±307.8a |
M0D3 | 12885.7±120.1a | 12576.1±173.0a | 11504.8±699.5a |
均值Mean | 12162.6±1277.6B | 11746.7±987.7C | 10748.7±917.2C |
M1D1 | 11426.6±126.4c | 11024.6±254.1c | 10346.8±428.3b |
M1D2 | 12839.9±334.6b | 12244.3±470.8b | 11500.1±604.2a |
M1D3 | 13687.2±743.2a | 13419.8±265.9a | 12306.4±246.9a |
均值Mean | 12651.2±1071.6AB | 12229.6±1079.4B | 11384.4±938.0B |
M2D1 | 11503.5±549.1c | 11350.1±495.0b | 10773.0±488.0c |
M2D2 | 13201.7±621.4b | 13300.7±267.4a | 12101.8±326.9b |
M2D3 | 14264.6±315.3a | 13804.5±546.2a | 13140.3±86.0a |
均值Mean | 12989.9±1285.1A | 12818.5±1189.1A | 12005.0±1069.6A |
M | * | ** | * |
D | ** | ** | ** |
M×D | * | ns | ns |
表3
不同生育时期耕层积温对产量的通径分析"
因子 Factor | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | 直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient | 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient | R2贡献率Contribution rate R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | ||||
X1 | 0.23 | 0.9133 | -0.4942 | -0.093 | -0.0296 | -0.0686 | 0.2101 | |
X2 | -0.38* | -0.8244 | 0.5474 | -0.0162 | 0.0228 | -0.1107 | 0.3133 | |
X3 | 0.31 | -0.1982 | 0.4284 | -0.0676 | -0.0158 | 0.1597 | -0.0614 | |
X4 | -0.22 | -0.1632 | 0.1658 | 0.1154 | -0.0191 | -0.3209 | 0.0359 | |
X5 | -0.54** | -0.4220 | 0.1486 | -0.2163 | 0.075 | -0.1241 | 0.2279 |
表4
不同生育时期玉米耗水量对产量的通径分析"
因子Factor | 相关系数 Correlation coefficient | 直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient | 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient | R2贡献率Contribution rate R2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | ||||
X1 | 0.33 | 0.4398 | 0.0328 | -0.0611 | -0.0655 | -0.0162 | 0.1451 | |
X2 | 0.72* | 0.1175 | 0.1227 | 0.1051 | 0.1787 | 0.1937 | 0.0846 | |
X3 | 0.74** | 0.4075 | -0.0659 | 0.0303 | 0.2213 | 0.1488 | 0.3016 | |
X4 | -0.41 | 0.2944 | 0.0897 | -0.1983 | -0.3724 | -0.2254 | -0.1207 | |
X5 | -0.70* | -0.2406 | 0.1988 | -0.0894 | -0.3064 | -0.2641 | 0.1684 |
表5
2017-2018不同处理对玉米全生育期耗水量和水分利用效率的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2017 | 2018 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
耗水量 ET (mm) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 耗水量 ET (mm) | 水分利用效率 WUE (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | |
M0D1 | 366.0±7.5b | 28.7±1.0b | 493.8±12.7c | 19.7±0.9b |
M0D2 | 372.9±4.4a | 32.5±1.5a | 499.8±8.1b | 22.1±0.6a |
M0D3 | 373.2±10.5a | 33.7±0.5a | 504.8±14.0a | 22.8±1.4a |
均值Mean | 371.0±8.2A | 31.6±2.4C | 499.4±12.4A | 21.5±1.7B |
M1D1 | 355.3±7.4b | 31.0±0.7c | 482.7±11.4b | 21.4±0.9c |
M1D2 | 357.1±12.7b | 34.3±1.3b | 485.6±15.3ab | 23.7±1.2b |
M1D3 | 362.8±7.9a | 37.0±0.7a | 488.5±12.9a | 25.2±0.5a |
均值Mean | 358.4±10.5B | 34.1±2.7B | 485.6±13.1B | 23.4±1.8A |
M2D1 | 357.6±11.3b | 31.7±1.4b | 482.7±10.4c | 22.3±1.0c |
M2D2 | 358.8±6.4b | 37.1±0.7a | 487.5±12.5b | 24.8±0.7b |
M2D3 | 365.8±8.4a | 37.7±1.5a | 493.2±9.7a | 26.6±0.2a |
均值Mean | 360.7±8.9B | 35.5±3.0A | 487.8±11.7B | 24.6±2.0A |
M | ** | ** | ** | ** |
D | * | ** | ** | ** |
M×D | ns | ns | ns | ns |
表6
2016—2018不同处理经济效益分析"
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 毛收入 Gross income | 种子 Seeds input | 地膜 Film input | 肥料/农药 Fertilizer/Pesticide input | 人工/机械 Labor/Mechanical input | 净收入 Net income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | M0D1 | 16825.63 | 600 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 11250.63 |
M0D2 | 20937.64 | 750 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 15212.64 | |
M0D3 | 20617.07 | 900 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 14742.07 | |
M1D1 | 18282.58 | 600 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 11507.58 | |
M1D2 | 20543.80 | 750 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 13618.80 | |
M1D3 | 21899.56 | 900 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 14824.56 | |
M2D1 | 18405.56 | 600 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 11480.56 | |
M2D2 | 21122.79 | 750 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 14047.79 | |
M2D3 | 22823.29 | 900 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 15598.29 | |
2017 | M0D1 | 16864.16 | 600 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 11289.16 |
M0D2 | 19398.50 | 750 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 13673.50 | |
M0D3 | 20121.71 | 900 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 14246.71 | |
M1D1 | 17639.44 | 600 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 10864.44 | |
M1D2 | 19590.83 | 750 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 12665.83 | |
M1D3 | 21471.76 | 900 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 14396.76 | |
M2D1 | 18160.22 | 600 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 11235.22 | |
M2D2 | 21281.13 | 750 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 14206.13 | |
M2D3 | 22087.25 | 900 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 14862.25 | |
2018 | M0D1 | 15533.34 | 600 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 9958.34 |
M0D2 | 17652.53 | 750 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 11927.53 | |
M0D3 | 18407.74 | 900 | 0 | 3075 | 1900 | 12532.74 | |
M1D1 | 16554.95 | 600 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 9779.95 | |
M1D2 | 18400.15 | 750 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 11475.15 | |
M1D3 | 19690.23 | 900 | 975 | 3075 | 2125 | 12615.23 | |
M2D1 | 17236.78 | 600 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 10311.78 | |
M2D2 | 19362.88 | 750 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 12287.88 | |
M2D3 | 21024.46 | 900 | 1125 | 3075 | 2125 | 13799.46 |
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