暴雨条件下紫色土区玉米季坡耕地氮素流失特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.04.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究暴雨条件下，川中丘陵紫色土区坡耕地玉米全生育期土壤侵蚀及氮素流失规律，为研究区氮素流失预测和有效防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用人工模拟降雨与径流小区相结合的方法，在玉米苗期（5月1日），拔节期（5月26日），抽雄期（6月27日）和成熟期（8月4日）进行模拟降雨，结合川中丘陵紫色土区夏季暴雨多的特点，开展降雨强度为1.5 mm·min^-1，坡度为15°条件下地表径流、壤中流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失特征的研究。【结果】（1）玉米各生育时期地表径流产流率和产沙率总体表现为随降雨时间延长而呈增加的变化趋势，地表径流产流率和产沙率均表现苗期最高，抽雄期最低；壤中流产流率则表现为抽雄期最高，成熟期最低。（2）玉米各生育时期地表径流中总氮流失率随降雨时间延长而呈增加，在降雨36 min后基本趋于稳定，总氮和可溶性总氮流失率均在玉米苗期最大，平均值分别为5.24和4.74 mg·m^-2·min^-1；玉米全生育期地表径流中硝态氮流失率则在降雨30 min后基本稳定，铵态氮流失率呈现波动性，硝态氮和铵态氮流失率均在玉米拔节期最大，平均值分别为3.90和0.14 mg·m^-2·min^-1。在玉米全生育期地表径流中总氮，可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量与地表径流量呈现极显著线性关系。（3）壤中流中总氮流失率在玉米各生育时期随降雨时间延长缓慢增加，壤中流中可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失率在玉米苗期、拔节期和成熟期变化趋势与总氮一致，而铵态氮流失率在玉米全生育期呈现波动性；总氮，可溶性总氮，硝态氮和铵态氮流失率均在玉米拔节期最大，平均值分别为25.04、20.34、16.20和0.22 mg·m^-2·min^-1。在玉米全生育期壤中流中总氮，可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量与壤中流量呈现显著线性关系，且均在玉米拔节期表现为斜率最大。（4）玉米各生育时期侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失率均随降雨时间延长而增加，但在玉米苗期表现为增幅最大，平均值为0.92 mg·m^-2·min^-1。在玉米全生育期，侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失量与侵蚀泥沙量呈现极显著线性关系。（5）地表径流中不同形态氮素流失量均在玉米苗期和拔节期最大，壤中流中总氮流失量则在玉米拔节期和抽雄期最大，侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失量在玉米苗期最大。壤中流为研究区坡耕地氮素流失的主要途径，占氮素流失总量的64.07%—83.39%。可溶性总氮为径流中氮素流失主要形态，以硝态氮为主要形态。【结论】1.5 mm·min^-1降雨强度下，地表径流和壤中流中总氮流失量分别在玉米苗期和拔节期最高，可溶性总氮和硝态氮流失量均在拔节期最高，存在水体富营养化潜在风险，控制苗期地表径流量和拔节期壤中流量可减少该区域氮素流失量。

关键词: 玉米')">

玉米, 地表径流, 壤中流, 侵蚀泥沙, 氮素流失, 紫色土

Abstract: 【Objective】The characteristics of soil erosion and nitrogen loss in sloping cropland of purple soil during maize (Zea mays L.) growth stage under the rainstorm were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for the predicting and effective preventing of nitrogen loss.【Method】 Simulated rainfall combined with runoff plot experiments were employed during maize seedling stage (1th May), elongation stage (26th May), tasseling stage (27th June) and maturity stage (4th August). According to the feature of the stormy summer months in the purple soil region of Sichuan province, the characteristics of nitrogen loss in surface runoff, interflow, and sediment were studied during maize growth stage under rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm·min^-1 and the slope gradient of 15°. 【Result】(1) The rate of surface runoff and sediment yield increased with the increasing rainfall duration during maize growth stage, which were the highest within seedling stage, and the lowest within tasseling stage, but the rate of interflow within tasseling stage and maturity stage were the highest and lowest, respectively. (2) The rate of nitrogen loss in surface runoff increased with the increasing rainfall duration and became stable after the rainfall duration of 36 min. The average total nitrogen and dissolved total nitrogen were up to 5.24 mg·m^-2·min^-1 and 4.74 mg·m^-2·min^-1 in seedling stage, respectively. The rate of nitrate nitrogen reached stable after the rainfall duration of 30 min, and the rate of ammonium nitrogen showed volatility with rainfall duration. The rate of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were up to 3.90 mg·m^-2·min^-1 and 0.14 mg·m^-2·min^-1 in elongation stage, respectively. The regression relationship between total nitrogen, dissolved total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and surface runoff during maize growth stage were extremely significant. (3) The rate of nitrogen loss in the interflow increased slowly with increasing the rainfall duration. The rate of dissolved total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed the same trend with nitrogen loss within seedling stage, elongation stage and maturity stage, while the rate of ammonium nitrogen showed volatility with time. The rate of total nitrogen, dissolved total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were up to 25.04, 20.34, 16.20 and 0.22 mg·m^-2·min^-1 within elongation stage, respectively. The regression relationship between total nitrogen, dissolved total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and interflow during maize growth stage were significant, and the slope of liner was the biggest within elongation stage. (4) The rate of nitrogen loss in sediment yield increased with the increasing rainfall duration, but the increase was the highest in seedling stage, which was up to 0.92 mg·m^-2·min^-1. The regression relationship between nitrogen loss and sediment yield during maize growth stage were extremely significant. (5) The forms of nitrogen loss in the surface runoff were reached the highest in seedling stage and elongation stage. Nitrogen loss in the interflow reached maximum in elongation stage and tasseling stage. Nitrogen loss in sediment yield reached the highest in seedling stage. Interflow was the main source for nitrogen loss and accounted 64.07%−83.39% of the total nitrogen loss. Dissolved total nitrogen was the main form of nitrogen loss in surface runoff and interflow, and nitrate nitrogen was the main form.【Conclusion】 Under the rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm·min^-1 nitrogen loss in surface runoff and interflow were the highest within seedling stage and elongation stage, respectively. Dissolved total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were the highest in elongation stage, which could easily lead to the eutrophication in waters. Thus, it is necessary to control surface runoff in seedling stage and interflow in elongation stage to reduce nitrogen loss in the purple soil region.

Key words: maize, surface runoff, interflow, sediment yield, nitrogen loss, purple soil

冯小杰，郑子成，李廷轩，范丽. 暴雨条件下紫色土区玉米季坡耕地氮素流失特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(4): 738-749.

FENG XiaoJie, ZHENG ZiCheng, LI TingXuan, FAN Li. Characteristics of Nitrogen Loss in Sloping Cropland of Purple Soil During Maize Growth Stage Under Rainstorm[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(4): 738-749.

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