侧深施氮对机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.23.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】水稻机插同步侧深施肥是一项新兴的技术,正在迅速发展。深入探究不同类型氮肥机械侧深施用对机插水稻产量及氮素利用效率的影响,有利于提高水稻机械化种植水平,为机插水稻节本增效提供理论依据。【方法】2017年和2018年开展大田试验,采用完全随机区组试验设计,设置5种施氮处理,即不施氮肥（N0）、尿素撒施（CUB）、尿素机械侧深施（CUM）、控释尿素撒施（CRUB）和控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）,测定水稻物质生产特性、氮素积累分配、氮素利用效率、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】2年各施氮处理对水稻产量形成、氮素利用的影响基本一致。与尿素相比,控释尿素可以显著提高水稻干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率以及稻谷产量;2017年成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量、氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）、氮肥农学效率（NAE）和稻谷产量分别增加3.22%、17.50%、46.00%、17.79%和3.72%,2018年相应增幅分别为8.77%、13.27%、32.07%、12.74%和3.32%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施可以显著提高氮肥利用率,2017年NRE和NAE分别增加17.91%—43.14%和19.61%—37.39%;2018年NRE和NAE分别增加53.80%—54.10%和21.11%—35.11%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施肥处理的产量分别增加4.46%—6.95%（2017年）、5.55%—8.11%（2018年）;增产的主要原因是其具有更多有效穗数和颖花总量。齐穗至成熟期,CRUM处理茎叶鞘氮素积累量和茎叶氮素表观转移量（TNT）均显著高于其他施氮处理。此外,在穗分化期和齐穗期,相比其他施氮处理,CRUM处理的氮素积累量、SPAD值、干物质积累量均显著增加。【结论】控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）是一种能提高机插水稻产量和氮素利用的有效施肥方法。

关键词: 水稻, 控释尿素, 侧深施肥, 产量, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】Mechanized transplanting of rice with synchronous side deep application of fertilizer is a new and advanced technology that is still developing rapidly. In-depth studies on the effects of mechanized side deep placement of different types of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the grain yield and N utilization efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice will be helpful for devising strategies to improve the mechanization of planting and fertilization, and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing costs and increasing fertilization efficiency in rice production. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 with a randomized complete block design, with five N fertilizer application treatments: N0-plots without N fertilizer; CUB-manual surface broadcast of urea (CU); CUM-mechanized side deep placement of CU; CRUB-manual surface broadcast of controlled release urea (CRU); and CRUM-mechanized side deep placement of CRU. The characteristics of matter production, as well as N uptake and distribution, N use efficiency, yield, and yield components of rice were determined. 【Result】Each N fertilizer application treatment had similar effects on yield formation and N use efficiency in the two years. Compared with the CU treatment, the CRU treatment significantly improved dry matter accumulation, N uptake, N utilization efficiency, and grain yield. The dry matter accumulation and N uptake at maturity, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomy efficiency (NAE), and grain yield were higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment by 3.22%, 17.50%, 46.00%, 17.79%, and 3.72%, respectively, in 2017; and by 8.77%, 13.27%, 32.07%, 12.74%, and 3.32%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer, regardless of the type of N fertilizer, significantly enhanced N use efficiency, and increased NRE and NAE by 17.91%-43.14% and 19.61%-37.39% respectively, in 2017; and by 53.80%-54.10% and 21.11%-35.11%, respectively, in 2018. Compared with surface broadcasting, mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer (CU or CRU) increased the grain yields in 2017 and 2018 by 4.46%-6.95% and 5.55%-8.11%, respectively, because of increased numbers of effective panicles and spikelets. The N uptake in stems-sheaths and leaves and the apparent amount of N translocated in stems-sheaths and leaves (TNT) were significantly higher in the CRUM treatment than in any other N application treatments from the heading stage to the maturity stage. Compared with the other N fertilizer treatments, the CRUM treatment also increased N uptake, SPAD values, and total aboveground biomass at the panicle initiation stage and full heading stage. 【Conclusion】Mechanized side deep placement of controlled release urea is an efficient fertilization method to increase the grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanized transplanted rice.

Key words: rice, controlled release urea, side deep fertilization, yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency

朱从桦, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 武辉, 王亚梁, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲. 侧深施氮对机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(23): 4228-4239.

ZHU CongHua, ZHANG YuPing, XIANG Jing, ZHANG YiKai, WU Hui, WANG YaLiang, ZHU DeFeng, CHEN HuiZhe. Effects of Side Deep Fertilization on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Mechanized Transplanting Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(23): 4228-4239.

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年份 Year	月份 Month	平均气温 Average air temperature (℃)	最高温度 Maximum temperature (℃)	最低温度 Minimum temperature (℃)	蒸发量 Vaporization (mm)	降水量 Precipitation (mm)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)	日照时数 Sunshine hours (h)
2017	7月 July	31.65	41.10	23.80	162.10	41.32	64.94	273.00
	8月 August	30.95	39.10	24.10	163.40	48.02	69.26	250.10
	9月 September	27.03	38.20	18.20	121.20	66.61	73.17	157.70
	10月 October	20.51	36.60	8.30	102.60	37.62	73.10	146.30
	11月 November	14.21	26.10	6.10	60.30	138.61	78.87	95.80
2018	5月 May	23.74	37.40	12.80	148.20	233.40	80.39	141.60
	6月 June	25.45	36.30	17.20	166.90	228.50	82.07	187.20
	7月 July	29.74	38.70	24.10	250.90	272.10	78.35	250.90
	8月 August	29.38	37.30	22.30	256.20	232.20	78.06	225.10
	9月 September	25.30	35.60	16.90	162.80	133.20	81.73	154.00
	10月 October	18.14	27.80	8.60	118.00	21.00	72.65	180.10

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield (t·hm^-2)	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (10⁴·hm^-2)	颖花总量 Total amount of spikelet (10⁶·hm^-2)	每穗实粒数 Number of filled grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2017	N0	5.42d	201.11e	310.16d	114.79abc	74.40a	24.29b
	CUB	6.62c	269.44d	426.85c	116.88ab	73.74a	25.15ab
	CUM	7.08ab	293.89b	482.25a	120.54a	73.50a	24.53ab
	CRUB	6.95b	285.00c	456.48b	113.56bc	70.86b	24.89ab
	CRUM	7.26a	316.11a	496.51a	109.72c	69.86b	25.48a
2018	N0	7.04c	228.25c	426.43d	155.98b	83.67c	23.30b
	CUB	9.13b	287.97b	544.79c	162.45ab	85.95a	23.33b
	CUM	9.87a	330.37a	636.86ab	163.42ab	84.78b	24.06a
	CRUB	9.55ab	319.77a	602.54b	162.19ab	86.03a	24.14a
	CRUM	10.08a	328.97a	668.32a	170.54a	83.91c	24.17a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	SPAD
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗分化期 Panicle initiation stage	齐穗期 Full heading stage
2017	N0	37.80d	40.55c
	CUB	39.59c	43.06b
	CUM	41.03b	43.68ab
	CRUB	41.97b	44.59a
	CRUM	44.11a	44.73a
2018	N0	38.13d	39.04c
	CUB	40.30c	40.74b
	CUM	41.47bc	41.77ab
	CRUB	42.20b	41.34ab
	CRUM	43.90a	42.21a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (t·hm^-2)				齐穗后干物质积累所占比例RDMA-FHM (%)	营养器官干物质输出量 DME (t·hm^-2)	营养器官干物质转运率 TRDV (%)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗分化期 PI	齐穗期 FH	齐穗—成熟 FTM	成熟期 MS	齐穗后干物质积累所占比例RDMA-FHM (%)	营养器官干物质输出量 DME (t·hm^-2)	营养器官干物质转运率 TRDV (%)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2017	N0	1.77d	6.06d	4.21c	10.26d	40.84a	1.11c	22.91ab	52.91ab
	CUB	2.27c	7.34c	5.19ab	12.53c	41.43a	1.19bc	20.09ab	52.89ab
	CUM	2.67b	8.22b	5.36a	13.58a	39.38ab	1.22bc	18.25b	52.12ab
	CRUB	2.62b	8.24b	4.73b	12.97b	36.44bc	1.54ab	23.23ab	53.64a
	CRUM	2.94a	8.97a	5.02ab	13.98a	35.85c	1.72a	24.20a	51.93b
2018	N0	4.42c	9.59c	4.10c	13.69d	29.92a	1.98c	25.56a	51.51a
	CUB	5.22b	12.56b	4.89bc	17.45c	27.82a	2.38b	23.01ab	52.32a
	CUM	6.81a	13.67a	5.15b	18.81b	27.19a	2.78a	25.27a	52.46a
	CRUB	5.51b	12.60b	6.54a	19.14b	34.09a	2.05bc	19.52b	49.89a
	CRUM	6.99a	13.95a	6.36a	20.30a	31.11a	3.00a	26.70a	49.73 a

年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	茎叶氮素表观转移量 TNT (kg·hm^-2)	茎叶氮素表观转移率 TNTE (%)	茎叶转移的氮对籽粒氮的贡献率 NCR (%)	茎鞘Stem-sheath		叶 Leaf
年份 Year	试验处理 Treatment	茎叶氮素表观转移量 TNT (kg·hm^-2)	茎叶氮素表观转移率 TNTE (%)	茎叶转移的氮对籽粒氮的贡献率 NCR (%)	SNT (kg·hm^-2)	SNTE (%)	LNT (kg·hm^-2)	LNTE (%)
2017	N0	40.18d	74.93a	64.56b	16.06c	69.67a	24.12d	78.92a
	CUB	49.01c	63.77b	56.96c	18.65c	57.56b	30.36c	68.20b
	CUM	57.50b	61.87bc	60.59b	22.31b	53.04c	35.19b	69.12b
	CRUB	68.97a	63.11bc	70.90a	25.66a	54.46bc	43.31a	69.61b
	CRUM	74.62a	61.46c	72.99a	27.13a	51.98c	47.49a	68.62b
2018	N0	32.50b	52.36a	53.25a	16.84ab	48.02a	15.66b	58.03a
	CUB	27.60c	35.21c	30.60b	11.74c	26.13b	15.86b	47.55b
	CUM	38.54a	40.12b	33.45b	19.71a	34.55b	18.82a	48.42b
	CRUB	33.24b	37.65bc	30.35b	15.16bc	30.00b	18.08ab	47.75b
	CRUM	39.51a	39.43bc	28.41b	19.70a	33.29b	19.81a	48.26b