施肥位置及施肥量对杂交谷子干物质累积、转运和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究氮、磷、钾施肥量和施肥位置对杂交谷子干物质累积、转化和产量的影响,为杂交谷子高产高效种植和研发轻简化栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2016—2017年在山西中部太谷县的山西农业大学创新园区进行,以张杂谷10号为试验材料,选择氮、磷、钾施用量、施肥水平距离和施肥深度5个因素,采用五因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行地膜覆盖田间小区试验。所有肥料全部作为底肥,氮肥为含46%N的尿素,磷肥为含16%P₂O₅的过磷酸钙,钾肥为含50%K₂O的硫酸钾。在谷子拔节、抽穗、开花、成熟期取有代表性的3穴植株用于测定干物质积累量,10月上旬收获,脱粒风干后称重、计产,用以研究施肥量和施肥位置对谷子不同生育时期干物质累积、转运和产量的影响。【结果】（1）较高的产量水平需要较高的氮、磷、钾供肥水平,且磷钾比例相对较高。（2）对谷子干物质累积的影响依次为氮>磷>钾>施肥水平距离>施肥深度;对谷子干物质转运的影响依次为钾>施肥深度>磷>氮>施肥水平距离,对谷子产量的影响依次为氮>磷>钾>施肥深度>施肥水平距离。（3）氮、磷对谷子各个时期干物质累积均有极显著影响,营养生长阶段氮磷交互作用为负,生殖生长阶段氮磷交互作用为正。（4）随着生育时期的推移,钾、施肥水平距离、施肥深度对干物质累积的影响由负变正,且影响程度不断增大,最佳施肥位置与播种位置的距离先增大后减小。（5）5个因素与不同生育时期干物质累积、转运和产量的回归关系极显著,拟合程度较高,可用于实际生产预测。【结论】山西省中部地膜覆盖条件下,张杂谷10号产量大于8 000 kg·hm ^-2的各因素取值的95%置信区间为施肥水平距离16.80—18.75 cm、施肥深度20.80—23.75 cm、施N 225 kg·hm ^-2、施P₂O₅136.35—153.63 kg·hm ^-2、施K₂O 93.56—108.63 kg·hm ^-2。

关键词: 杂交谷子, 二次回归正交旋转组合设计, 氮, 磷, 钾, 施肥位置, 干物质累积, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was to probe the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer amount and location on dry matter accumulation, translocation and yield of hybrid millet, provide theoretical basis for high yield and efficient planting and development of light simplified cultivation techniques. 【Method】 Taking hybrid millet (Setaria italica) cultivar of Zhangzagu10 as the tested material, a field experiment, cultivated with plastic film mulching, was conducted during 2016-2017 at the Innovation Zone of Shanxi Agricultural University by quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design. These 5 factors included nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer rates, the horizontal distance to seed and depth of application, and each factor had 5 levels. All the fertilizers were basal applied in the designed rate and position, Nitrogen fertilizer is urea containing 46%N, phosphate fertilizer is superphosphate containing 16%P₂O₅, and potassium is sulfate containing 50%K₂O. At elongation, heading, flowering, maturity, 3 clumps of millet plants were taken to examine dry matter accumulation. Harvested in early October, weighted and calculated the yield after threshing and drying, to study the effects of fertilization amount and fertilization position on dry matter accumulation, transport and yield in different growth stages of millet. The correlation between the tested index with the fertilizer rate and position were established using multivariate linear regression model 【Result】 (1) Higher yield levels requires higher supply levels of N, P and K, and the ratio of P and K increase relatively. (2) The order in the response degree on dry matter accumulation was nitrogen>phosphorus>potassium>fertilization horizontal distance>fertilization application depth; the order in the response degree on dry matter translocation was potassium>fertilization application depth>phosphorus>nitrogen>fertilization horizontal distance; the order in the response degree on yield was nitrogen>phosphorus>potassium>fertilization application depth>fertilization horizontal distance. (3) Nitrogen, phosphorus had an extremely significant effect on dry matter accumulation in main growth periods. The interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetative growth stage was negative, while in reproductive growth stage was positive. (4) As crop growth period goes on, the effects of potassium, fertilizer horizontal distance,and fertilizer application depth on dry matter accumulation change from negative to positive, and the degree of effect increases. The distance between the best fertilization location and the sowing location increased first and then decreased. (5) The regression between five factors and dry matter accumulation and translocation was extremely significant, and the fitting degree was higher. Therefore, it can be used in the actual production forecast. 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal scheme for Zhangzagu 10 was 16.80-18.75 cm of fertilization horizontal distance, 20.80-23.75 cm of fertilization application depth, 225 kg·hm ^-2 of N, 136.35-153.63 kg·hm ^-2 of P₂O₅, 93.56-108.63 kg·hm ^-2of K₂O.

Key words: hybrid millet, quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination design, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, location, dry matter accumulation, yield

李永虎,曹梦琳,杜慧玲,郭平毅,张海颖,郭美俊,原向阳. 施肥位置及施肥量对杂交谷子干物质累积、转运和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(22): 4177-4190.

LI YongHu,CAO MengLin,DU HuiLing,GUO PingYi,ZHANG HaiYing,GUO MeiJun,YUAN XiangYang. Effect of Fertilization Location and Amount on Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation and Yield of Hybrid Millet[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(22): 4177-4190.

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图/表 4

表1

表2

设计方案及经济产量与各生育阶段干物质积累量、转运量分析结果"

No.	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	干物质积累量 dry matter accumulation at different growth stages				转运量 Dry matter translocation	籽粒产量 Grain yield
No.	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	拔节前 Sowing-elongation	孕穗期 Elongation-heading	抽穗灌浆期 Heading-flowering	籽粒形成期 Flowering-maturity	转运量 Dry matter translocation	籽粒产量 Grain yield
1	-1	-1	-1	-1	1	392.0	3203.1	1281.0	2952.9	1005.4	3958.3
2	-1	-1	-1	1	-1	624.9	5046.2	1441.8	3509.3	1786.9	5296.2
3	-1	-1	1	-1	-1	528.0	5278.5	1759.7	3868.4	1206.8	5075.2
4	-1	-1	1	1	1	531.6	6288.3	2389.9	5671.1	1604.6	7275.7
5	-1	1	-1	-1	-1	383.1	3069.3	1296.1	3117.3	1000.8	4118.1
6	-1	1	-1	1	1	428.4	4737.5	1812.7	4100.4	1047.4	5147.8
7	-1	1	1	-1	1	442.7	5279.9	1801.0	5044.4	1098.0	6142.4
8	-1	1	1	1	-1	548.4	6455.6	2258.3	6061.3	1419.7	7481.0
9	1	-1	-1	-1	-1	346.7	3329.1	1330.7	3203.6	1027.9	4231.5
10	1	-1	-1	1	1	447.1	4752.8	1928.1	4176.0	1003.9	5179.9
11	1	-1	1	-1	1	436.4	5400.5	1746.2	5126.2	1081.8	6208.0
12	1	-1	1	1	-1	542.2	6516.4	2343.2	6000.9	1559.6	7560.5
13	1	1	-1	-1	1	327.1	3718.0	1539.0	3637.3	516.8	4154.1
14	1	1	-1	1	-1	472.9	5360.2	1849.6	4502.2	1314.7	5816.9
15	1	1	1	-1	-1	456.0	6037.2	2066.8	4558.2	1200.4	5758.6
16	1	1	1	1	1	459.6	6342.5	2474.3	7335.1	833.4	8168.5
17	-2	0	0	0	0	508.4	5111.0	1858.9	4832.9	1446.4	6279.3
18	2	0	0	0	0	471.1	5285.2	2301.5	5916.4	880.2	6796.6
19	0	-2	0	0	0	501.3	5283.0	1965.9	4798.2	1361.4	6159.6
20	0	2	0	0	0	470.2	5347.9	2316.2	6109.3	715.8	6825.1
21	0	0	-2	0	0	380.4	2824.9	1229.4	2519.1	753.5	3272.6
22	0	0	2	0	0	507.6	6052.7	2291.7	5808.0	1149.4	6957.4
23	0	0	0	-2	0	372.4	4043.9	1439.7	3507.6	999.5	4507.1
24	0	0	0	2	0	534.2	6139.5	2240.0	5963.6	1334.2	7297.8
25	0	0	0	0	-2	512.9	5273.0	1656.8	4585.8	1418.8	6004.6
26	0	0	0	0	2	427.6	5632.1	1838.0	5136.0	911.3	6047.3
27	0	0	0	0	0	512.9	5176.4	2128.8	5951.1	1012.5	6965.0
28	0	0	0	0	0	493.3	5673.6	2172.8	6160.0	1038.0	7207.7
29	0	0	0	0	0	504.9	6281.8	2331.8	6376.9	1508.1	7890.1
30	0	0	0	0	0	474.7	6258.5	2345.2	6365.3	1379.1	7746.0
31	0	0	0	0	0	519.1	5780.8	2240.7	5603.6	1643.3	7251.2
32	0	0	0	0	0	463.1	6274.3	2251.8	6233.8	1420.0	7633.5
33	0	0	0	0	0	544.9	6228.8	2276.8	5953.8	1609.8	7576.3
34	0	0	0	0	0	473.8	6130.1	2280.6	6049.3	1624.7	7656.2
35	0	0	0	0	0	485.3	6068.3	2185.3	5770.7	1338.9	7105.8
36	0	0	0	0	0	560.9	6065.5	2259.7	5790.7	1568.2	7366.2

表2

图1

图2

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