陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米区土壤磷素特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的研究陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米区土壤磷素分布特征及近30年农田土壤有效磷变化,对维持和提高土壤质量和土地生产力,合理施磷和减磷增效具有重要意义。方法利用2011年在陕西关中平原冬小麦/夏玉米种植区选择的10个典型县、区采集的458个土壤样本,通过与1980年土壤普查土壤有效磷含量数据的比对,分析近30年来陕西关中农田耕层土壤有效磷的变化及当前土壤磷库分布特征。结果 30年来该区农田耕层土壤有效磷含量整体呈显著上升,宝鸡市、咸阳市和渭南市的平均有效磷含量分别为26.09、27.50和21.53 mg·kg ^-1,与第二次土壤普查有效磷含量结果相比,增幅分别达334.83%、276.71%和231.23%。高有效磷等级地块的比例均有大幅度增加,其中以有效磷含量15-30 mg·kg ^-1的增幅最大,有效磷含量＜10 mg·kg ^-1的降幅最大。有效磷和无机磷总量分布呈现出西部（宝鸡市）和中部（咸阳市）高于东部（渭南市）,而有机磷含量则相反。当前关中地区大面积土壤有效磷含量高于农学阈值,可满足作物高产时的磷素供应。同时,宝鸡、咸阳市土壤有效磷含量＞37 mg·kg ^-1 的累积分布概率超过20%,水溶性磷含量＞2 mg·kg ^-1 的累积分布概率超过22%,存在较高的水环境污染风险。结论长期集约化高强度种植条件下含磷肥料的过量施用显著提高了土壤有效磷含量。从保护环境和合理利用有限的磷资源角度考虑,应合理调控磷肥施用,做到因土施肥,因需供肥。

关键词: 土壤有效磷, 冬小麦/夏玉米体系, 土壤有机磷, 土壤无机磷, 土壤有机质

Abstract:

【Objective】 It is of great significance to maintain and improve soil quality and land productivity, meanwhile enhance the phosphorus (P) use efficiency by studying the distribution characteristics and changes of soil phosphorus in winter wheat/summer maize cropping in Shaanxi Guanzhong Plain in recent 30 years. 【Method】 Based on 458 soil samples collected in total in 2011 from 10 typical counties in winter wheat/summer maize cropping in Guanzhong Plain analysis data, we compared its Olsen P content with the soil survey data in 1980s, and also explored the distribution characteristics of the current soil phosphorus pools at the regional level.【Result】 The results showed that the soil Olsen P content in the plough layer soils significantly increased during the past 30 years. The mean values of soil Olsen P in Baoji, Xianyang and Weinan were 26.09 mg·kg ^-1, 27.50 mg·kg ^-1 and 21.53 mg·kg ^-1, respectively, compared with soil survey data in 1980s, the corresponding increasing rate were 334.83%, 276.71% and 231.23%, respectively. The proportions of cultivated land with higher soil Olsen P levels were significantly increased, with the largest increase was observed in 15-30 mg·kg ^-1 and the largest decrease in Olsen P＜10 mg·kg ^-1. The total distribution of soil Olsen P and inorganic phosphorus was higher in the west (Baoji City) and the middle (Xianyang City) than in the east (Weinan City), and organic phosphorus content was opposite. At present, the soil Olsen P level in the large area of Guanzhong Plain under winter wheat/summer maize cropping was higher than the agronomic threshold, which could meet the supply of phosphorus in high yield crops. Meanwhile, the cumulative distribution probability of soil Olsen P content (greater than 37 mg·kg ^-1) was more than 20% in Baoji and Xianyang, the cumulative distribution probability of water-soluble P content (greater than 2 mg·kg ^-1) was more than 22%, so there would be a higher risk of water environment pollution. 【Conclusion】 Excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer under long-term intensive and high-intensity planting conditions significantly increased the Olsen P content in soil. Considering the protection of environment and rational utilization of limited phosphorus resources, the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be regulated reasonably, so as to apply fertilizer according to soil and supply fertilizer according to demand.

Key words: soil Olsen P, winter wheat/summer maize system, total-organic P, total-inorganic P, soil organic matter

刘琳,吉冰洁,李若楠,BATBAYARJavkhlan,张树兰,杨学云. 陕西关中冬小麦/夏玉米区土壤磷素特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(21): 3878-3889.

LIU Lin,JI BingJie,LI RuoNan,BATBAYAR Javkhlan,ZHANG ShuLan,YANG XueYun. Characteristics of Soil Phosphorus in Winter Wheat/Summer Maize Cropping in Shaanxi Guanzhong Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(21): 3878-3889.

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图/表 7

表1

土壤样品采集地区分布及样本容量"

地市 City	县（区） County	乡（镇） Town	样本量 Sample size
宝鸡 Baoji	陈仓 Chencang	號镇Haozhen、阳平关Yangpingguan、盘溪Panxi、天王Tianwang、钓渭Diaowei、潘溪Panxi、周原Zhouyuan、慕仪Muyi	28
	岐山 Qishan	枣林Zaolin、祝家庄Zhujiazhuang、大营Daying、凤鸣Fengming、顾郡Gujun、益店Yidian、浦村Pucun、青化Qinghua、焦西Jiaoxi	36
	扶风 Fufeng	午井Wujing、段家Duanjia、降帐Jiangzhang、杏林Xinglin、召公Zhaogong、城关Chengguan、法门Famen、南阳Nanyang、天度Tiandu	64
咸阳 Xianyang	兴平 Xingping	赵村Zhaocun、马嵬Mawei、南市Nanshi、庄头Zhuangtou、桑镇Sangzhen、汤坊Tangfang、田阜Tianfu、阜寨Fuzhai、南位Nanwei、西关Xiguan、东城办Dongchengban	53
	三原 Sanyuan	大程Dacheng、徐木Xumu、独李Duli、渠岸Quan、安乐Anle、波西Boxi、高渠Gaoqu、鲁桥Luqiao、嵯峨Cuoe、新兴Xinxing、马额Mae、陵前Lingqian、西阳Xiyang、城关Chengguan	56
	泾阳 Jingyang	王桥Wangqiao、桥底Qiaodi、云阳Yunyang、三渠Sanqu、泾干Jinggan、永乐Yongle、崇文Chongwen、高庄Gaozhuang、太平Taiping、三渠Sanqu	34
	武功 Wugong	普集Puji、苏坊Sufang、大庄Dazhuang、贞元Zhenyuan、游风Youfeng、武功Wugong、小村Xiaocun、长宁Changning	53
渭南 Weinan	临渭 Linwei	吝店Lindian、官路Guanlu、龙背Longbei、固市Gushi、孝义Xiaoyi、官底Guandi、下吉Xiaji、官道Guandao、辛市Xinshi、交斜Jiaoxia、南师Nanshi	46
	蒲城 Pucheng	荆姚Jingyao、原任Yuanren、党睦Dangmu、陈庄Chenzhuang、坡头Potou、椿林Chunlin、龙阳Longyang、城关Chengguan、翔春Xiangchun、平路庙Pinglumiao、贾曲Jiaqu、兴镇Xingzhen、三合Sanhe	33
	富平 Fuping	华朱Huazhu、曹村Caocun、薛镇Xuezhen、美塬Meiyuan、到贤Daoxian、吕村Lvcun、淡村Dancun、觅子Mizi、南社Nanshe、留古Liugu、东上官Dongshangguan、王寮Wangliao、刘集Liuji、小惠Xiaohui、流曲Liuqu、张桥Zhangqiao、城关Chengguan	55
合计 Total	10	110	458

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取样地点 Sampling site	1980年耕层土壤各等级有效磷含量面积比例 Proportion of Olsen-P level in surface soil in 1980 (%)					有效磷含量平均值 Mean of Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	2011年耕层土壤各等级有效磷含量面积比例 Proportion of Olsen-P level in surface soil in 2011 (%)					有效磷含量平均值 Mean of Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)
取样地点 Sampling site	＞40	30-40	15-30 (mg·kg^-1)	10-15	＜10	有效磷含量平均值 Mean of Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	＞40	30-40	15-30 (mg·kg^-1)	10-15	＜10	有效磷含量平均值 Mean of Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)
宝鸡市 Baoji	0.07	0.09	4.83	9.15	85.85	6.00	15.00	18.00	55.00	10.00	2.00	26.09
陈仓区Chencang	-	-	4.18	9.23	86.59	5.80	7.14	14.29	64.29	14.29	-	21.53
岐山县Qishan	-	-	0.70	1.38	97.92	3.10	16.67	22.22	52.78	8.33	-	26.54
扶风县Fufeng	-	-	5.43	8.84	85.73	6.10	17.19	15.63	53.13	9.38	4.69	27.42
咸阳市Xianyang	0.27	0.66	6.00	9.87	83.20	7.30	17.00	19.00	46.00	16.00	3.00	27.50
兴平县Xingping	1.62	5.57	25.99	23.20	43.62	13.10	18.87	18.87	50.94	9.43	1.89	28.51
三原县Sanyuan	-	-	2.49	10.09	87.42	5.60	5.36	12.50	51.79	23.21	7.14	21.20
泾阳县Jingyang	-	0.61	6.07	14.17	79.15	7.90	16.13	19.35	51.61	9.68	3.23	26.19
武功县Wugong	-	-	13.05	18.33	68.62	9.60	28.3	24.53	30.19	16.98	-	35.74
渭南市Weinan	0.12	0.51	5.73	13.13	80.52	6.50	7.00	13.00	57.00	18.00	5.97	21.53
临渭区Linwei	0.20	2.20	13.90	39.70	44.00	6.80	-	4.35	63.04	23.91	8.70	17.70
蒲城县Pucheng	0.13	0.19	5.08	12.06	82.54	7.00	9.09	15.15	54.55	9.09	12.12	21.89
富平县Fuping	-	0.10	4.10	8.50	87.30	6.00	10.91	18.18	52.73	18.18	-	24.44

取样地点 Sampling site	全磷含量 Total P (g·kg^-1)	有机磷含量 Total-organic P (mg·kg^-1)	有机磷/全磷 (Total-organic P/Total P) (%)	无机磷含量 Total- inorganic P (mg·kg^-1)	无机磷/全磷 (Total-inorganic P/Total P) (%)	有效磷含量 Olsen P (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷/全磷 (PAC) (%)
宝鸡市Baoji	1.10	145.95	13.27	901.26	81.93	26.09	2.37
陈仓区Chencang	1.05±0.17	203.00±116.9	19.32	847.96±197.97	80.68	21.53±9.63	2.05
岐山县Qishan	1.19±0.19	232.20±155.02	19.48	960.04±223.48	80.52	26.54±10.10	2.23
扶风县Fufeng	1.17±0.25	108.54±99.52	9.25	1065.34±255.48	90.75	27.42±11.73	2.34
咸阳市Xianyang	1.08	155.39	14.39	899.45	83.28	27.50	2.55
兴平县Xingping	1.15±0.21	172.48±115.28	14.97	979.55±216.54	85.03	28.51±14.63	2.48
三原县Sanyuan	0.98±0.16	166.56±125.93	17.08	808.36±199.83	82.92	21.20±11.31	2.16
泾阳县Jingyang	1.09±0.18	186.63±129.61	17.07	906.97±208.66	82.93	26.19±13.39	2.40
武功县Wugong	1.20±0.21	177.72±114.73	14.87	1017.36±179.73	85.13	35.74±17.25	2.98
渭南市Weinan	0.95	237.75	25.03	711.52	75.00	21.53	2.27
临渭区Linwei	0.91±0.17	266.20±120.66	29.15	646.93±196.70	70.85	17.70±7.00	1.95
蒲城县Pucheng	0.92±0.15	232.87±80.54	25.22	690.41±153.68	74.78	21.89±11.64	2.38
富平县Fuping	0.96±0.18	263.76±106.22	27.49	695.86±184.71	72.51	24.44±12.24	2.55