作物水肥耦合类型量化方法在华北冬小麦水氮配置中的应用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.17.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究一种作物水肥耦合类型量化方法及基于这种方法的华北冬小麦水氮优化配置,丰富作物水肥耦合分析方法,为促进冬小麦水肥协同高效生产提供理论基础和实践依据。【方法】根据作物相对产量的真实值与理论值的差异显著性来判定某一具体水肥组合的耦合类型。2006—2016连续10年在黄淮北部进行了冬小麦季不同水氮处理的大田定位试验。裂区设计,灌水量为主区,设春灌1水（拔节期75 mm,W₁）和2水（拔节期和开花期各75 mm,W₂）两个处理;施氮量为副区,设5个水平,分别为0 （N₀）、60（N₆₀）、120（N₁₂₀）、180（N₁₈₀）、240 kg·hm ^-2（N₂₄₀）,共10对水氮组合。研究冬小麦不同水氮组合的耦合类型及其年际转换特征,确选适宜的水氮配置。【结果】某一水肥组合相对产量真实值经统计检验显著高于其理论值,此水肥组合的水肥耦合类型即为“协同”（水肥互相促进）;真实值显著小于理论值,水肥耦合类型即为“拮抗”（水肥互相限制）;真实值与理论值没有显著差异,水肥耦合类型即为“加和”（水肥互不影响）。冬小麦W₂与不同施氮水平（N_x）组成的水氮组合的耦合类型及其年际变化特征受施氮水平的影响显著。W₂N₆₀水氮耦合类型10年平均为“拮抗”,定位第1—2年灌水限制施氮的增产作用,施氮限制了灌水的增产作用,水氮“拮抗”;定位第3 ^-25年耦合类型转变成“增水促氮,增氮促水”的“协同”;定位第6—10年又转为“拮抗”。W₂N₁₂₀的耦合类型在定位第1—4年为“加和”,第5年起就转为“协同”,10年平均为“协同”。施氮超过120 kg·hm ^-2的两水氮组合W₂N₁₈₀与W₂N₂₄₀的耦合类型各年度均为水氮互不影响的“加和”。【结论】基于作物相对产量真实值与理论值差异的显著性来定量判定某一特定水肥组合的耦合类型具有较强的可行性。黄淮北部冬小麦生产中, W₂N₁₂₀组合水氮协同增产效果显著,耦合类型长期为“协同”,因此,在一定年限内可作为该区冬小麦季适宜的水氮配置,年均产量水平维持在8.5 t·hm ^-2左右。

关键词: 水肥耦合类型, 量化方法, 冬小麦, 华北平原, 水氮配置

Abstract:

【Objective】 A novel method for distinguishing quantitatively irrigation and fertilizer coupling types was introduced, and basing on this method, irrigation and nitrogen combination in winter wheat on North China Plain was to be optimized. The aim of the study was to have a greater understanding of coupling effect of water and fertilizer, and to provide theoretical and practical basis for promoting water and fertilizer synergetic management in crop production. 【Method】 The results showed that the difference between the true value and the theoretical value of crop relative yield was statistically significant (P＜0.05) or not was considered as the critical criterion for distinguishing the coupling type of a specific water-fertilizer combination. The two-factor split plot experiment was persistently carried out in the North China Plain in Hebei province during ten successive winter wheat growing seasons (2016-2016). In this experiment, the two irrigation treatments were the main plots, irrigation one time (75 mm in jointing stage, W₁) and two times (75 mm in jointing and flowering stage respectively, W₂) during wheat growing season, and five N rates were the subplots, consisting of 0 (N₀), 60 (N₆₀), 120 (N₁₂₀), 180 (N₁₈₀), and 240 (N₂₄₀) kg·hm ^-2, respectively. The coupling types of different water-nitrogen combinations and their inter-annual variation characteristics were explored to determine the optimized water-nitrogen combination in winter wheat growing seasons.【Result】 When the true value of the crop relative yield of a water-fertilizer combination was statistically higher than its theoretical value, the water and fertilizer coupling type of this combination was “synergism” (water and fertilizer promote mutually). When the true value was significantly smaller than the theoretical value, the water and fertilizer coupling type was “antagonism” (water and fertilizer restrict mutually). When there was no significant difference between the true value and the theoretical value, the water and fertilizer coupling type of the combination was “additivity” (water and fertilizer no interaction). The water-nitrogen coupling type and inter-annual variation characteristics of the W₂Nx combinations in winter wheat were significantly affected by nitrogen application rate. Generally, the water-nitrogen coupling type of W₂N₆₀ was antagonism basing on the average yield of winter wheat in the 10 years. To be specific, for the W₂N₆₀, water and nitrogen antagonized mutually in the first two experimental years, in the 3rd year the relationship between water and nitrogen changed into collaboration until the 5th experimental year, and the water-nitrogen coupling type of the combination was antagonism in the 6th to 10th year. The water-nitrogen coupling type of W₂N₁₂₀ was additivity in the 1st to 4th year, and then turned into synergism in the 5th to 10th experimental year. The coupling type of W₂N₁₈₀ and W₂N₂₄₀, in which nitrogen application exceed 120 kg·hm ^-2, was additivity in each year in the experiment. 【Conclusion】 It is of great feasibility to identify quantitatively the coupling type of a specific water and fertilizer combination based on the significance of the difference between the actual value and the theoretical value of the crop relative yield. Under the combination of W₂N₁₂₀, water and nitrogen promoted yield increase synergistically for a long time. Therefore, maintaining the annual grain yield of 8.5 t·hm ^-2 or so, W₂N₁₂₀ should be recommended as an optimal combination of water and nitrogen for winter wheat in the northern part of the Huang-Huai Plain over a certain period of time.

Key words: water and fertilizer coupling type, quantization method, winter wheat, North China Plain, water and nitrogen combination

张经廷,吕丽华,张丽华,董志强,姚艳荣,姚海坡,申海平,贾秀领. 作物水肥耦合类型量化方法在华北冬小麦水氮配置中的应用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(17): 2997-3007.

ZHANG JingTing,Lü LiHua,ZHANG LiHua,DONG ZhiQiang,YAO YanRong,YAO HaiPo,SHEN HaiPing,JIA XiuLing. A Novel Method for Quantitating Water and Fertilizer Coupling Types and Its Application in Optimizing Water and Nitrogen Combination in Winter Wheat in the North China Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(17): 2997-3007.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I17/2997

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参考文献 36

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月份Month	2006-2007	2007-2008	2008-2009	2009-2010	2010-2011	2011-2012	2012-2013	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016
10	0.0	47.0	19.6	3	6.4	13.2	4.1	9.6	9.2	15.5
11	18.2	1.0	0.0	53.4	0.0	32.2	26.4	6.2	4.7	15
12	0.0	2.4	0.0	0.0	3.8	1.1	12.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
1	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	5.0	0.0	0.6	2.4
2	17.0	0.0	4.1	8.9	13.1	0.0	10.1	5.9	2	13.2
3	34.3	16.5	5.3	14.7	0.0	4.1	0.3	1.0	0.4	0.0
4	13.8	38.4	7.8	12.5	2.2	34.1	24.6	13.9	29.1	12.5
5	42.1	57.2	30.5	14.7	46.0	16.6	12.1	28.2	53.1	16.5
总计Total	125.4	163.4	67.3	107.3	71.5	101.3	94.6	64.8	99.1	75.5

施氮¹⁾ 水平 N rate	10年平均产量 Average yield of 10 years, Y (kg·hm^-2)		W₂N_x的相对产量 Relative yield in W₂N_x, RY (W₂N_x)					W₂N_x水氮耦合类型⁶⁾ Water nitrogen coupling type in W₂N_x	氮增产率 Yield increase derived from N-fertilizer (%)		水增产率 Yield increase derived from irrigation (%)	水氮互作 Water nitrogen interaction
施氮¹⁾ 水平 N rate	1水 W₁	2水 W₂	氮¹⁾ Nitrogen (N)	水²⁾ Water (W)	真实值³⁾ Actual value	理论值⁴⁾ Theoretical value	真实值与理论值差异性⁵⁾ Significance of variance	W₂N_x水氮耦合类型⁶⁾ Water nitrogen coupling type in W₂N_x	1水 W₁	2水 W₂	水增产率 Yield increase derived from irrigation (%)	水氮互作 Water nitrogen interaction
N₀(N₀)	3555.6	3750.5	1.00	1.05							5.48
N₁(N₆₀)	6573.6	6542.9	1.85	1.00	1.84	1.95	*	Ant	84.88	74.45	-0.47	增水限氮,增氮限水 Restrict mutually
N₂(N₁₂₀)	7252.9	8427.6	1.10	1.16	1.28	1.10	*	Syn	10.34	28.80	16.19	增水促氮,增氮促水 Promote mutually
N₃(N₁₈₀)	7350.2	8612.9	1.01	1.17	1.19	1.18	no	Add	1.34	2.20	17.18	no	no
N₄(N₂₄₀)	7369.2	8460.1	1.00	1.15	1.15	1.17	no	Add	0.26	-1.77	14.80	no	no