施肥对高寒荒漠草原区混播人工草地产量和水分利用的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究燕麦/箭筈豌豆混播及燕麦单播草地产量和水分利用对施肥的响应,以探明混播及施肥影响人工草地水分利用的效应及机理,并提出青藏高原荒漠草原区水分高效利用的栽培草地播种和施肥模式。【方法】大田试验于2017年和2018年在青海省乌兰县金泰牧场开展,试验设置2个种植方式,分别为燕麦/箭筈豌豆混播和燕麦单播,设置2个施肥水平,分别为高肥（120 kg N·hm ^-2, 103 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2）和低肥（60 kg N·hm ^-2, 51.5 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2）,共4个试验处理,完全随机区组设计。所有处理在春季播种前进行灌溉,生育期无灌溉。试验测定指标包括主要生育时期人工草地地上生物量、植株氮含量、土壤体积含水量等,计算指标包括牧草生育期内耗水量、干物质水分利用效率和粗蛋白水分利用效率。【结果】通过混播和施肥均可大幅提高草地产量,2017年和2018年高肥处理干物质产量比低肥处理分别提高34.7%和9.7%,粗蛋白产量分别提高41.3%和20.4%,混播处理干物质产量比单播处理分别提高14.4%和9.2%,粗蛋白产量分别提高74.7%和62.9%。混播高肥处理产量为所有处理中最高,2017年收获期干物质和粗蛋白产量分别为10 251.7和827.2 kg·hm ^-2,2018年分别为7 589.3和570.2 kg·hm ^-2。通过增施化肥增加了草地的水分消耗,同时大幅度提高了草地水分利用效率。2017和2018年两个生长季中高肥处理牧草耗水量分别比低肥处理增加6.2%和4.3%,干物质水分利用效率提高了21.0%和4.9%,粗蛋白水分利用效率提高了30.1%和17.4%。通过混播也增加了草地的耗水量,对草地的干物质水分利用效率影响不显著,但大幅提高了蛋白质水分利用效率。2017和2018年混播草地耗水量分别比单播处增加17.9%和9.2%,干物质水分利用效率比单播处理提高-5.9%和0.5%,粗蛋白水分利用效率比单播处理提高46.7%和51.3%。【结论】通过混播和合理施肥能够减少土壤水分无效蒸发、促进土壤贮水有效利用,提高栽培草地产量、品质及水分利用效率,推荐在高寒荒漠草原区有春季灌溉条件的草地使用。研究可为我国高寒干旱、半干旱区栽培草地建设和优良饲草生产提供一定的借鉴。

关键词: 人工草地, 混播, 饲草产量, 蛋白质产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study was conducted to investigate the production of artificial grassland and the response of water resource use to planting pattern and fertilization level, so as to provide the optimal planting pattern and fertilization level in the desert steppe region of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted at Jintai pasture of Wulan county, Qinghai province in 2017 and 2018. Two planting patterns were set up, namely oat/common vetch mixed sowing and sole oat, and two fertilization rates were set up, which were high rate (120 kg N·hm ^-2, 103 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2) and low rate (60 kg N·hm ^-2, 51.5 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2). Four treatments were completely randomized block designed. All treatments were irrigated before sowing in the spring and no irrigation during the growing season. The measured indexes included aboveground biomass, plant nitrogen content and soil water content at major growth stage; The calculated indexes included water consumption during the growing stage, dry matter water use efficiency, and crude protein water use efficiency. 【Result】 Through mixed sowing and adding fertilizer, grassland yield could be greatly improved. In 2017 and 2018, the dry matter yield of high-fertilizer treatment was 34.7% and 9.7% greater than that of low-fertilizer treatment, respectively, and the crude protein production was 41.3% and 20.4% greater, respectively. The dry matter yield of oat/common vetch mixed sowing was 14.4% and 9.2% greater than of sole oat treatment, respectively, and the crude protein yield was 74.7% and 62.9% greater, respectively. The yield of mixed sowing with high-fertilizer treatment was the highest under all treatments, the dry matter and crude protein yield at harvest were 10 251.7 and 827.2 kg·hm ^-2, respectively, in 2017, and 7 589.3 and 570.2 kg·hm ^-2, respectively, in 2018. Adding fertilizer increased the water consumption of grassland, and the water use efficiency of grassland was greatly improved. In the two growing seasons in 2017 and 2018, the water consumption of high-fertilizer treatment was 6.2% and 4.3% higher than that of low-fertilizer treatments, respectively, the water use efficiency of dry matter increased by 21.0% and 4.9%, respectively, and the water use efficiency of crude protein was increased by 30.1% and 17.4%, respectively. Mixed sowing also increased the water consumption of grassland, slightly reduced the water use efficiency of dry matter, but greatly improved the water use efficiency of crude protein. In 2017 and 2018, the water consumption of oat/common vetch mixed sowing grassland was 17.9% and 9.2% higher than that of sole oat grassland, respectively; The water use efficiency of crude protein was increased by 46.7% and 51.3%, respectively.【Conclusion】Mix sowing and rational fertilizer application could increase the forage yield and quality as well as water use efficiency of grassland by decreasing the ineffective evaporation, and enhance the utilization of soil water. Which was recommended to be applied with spring irrigation conditions in the arid alpine area, the research can provide some reference for the cultivated grassland and excellent forage production in alpine arid and semi-arid areas in China.

Key words: artificial grassland, mixture sowing, forage yield, crude protein yield, water use efficiency

张学梅,马千虎,张子龙,王自奎,杨惠敏,沈禹颖. 施肥对高寒荒漠草原区混播人工草地产量和水分利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(8): 1368-1379.

ZHANG XueMei,MA QianHu,ZHANG ZiLong,WANG ZiKui,YANG HuiMin,SHEN YuYing. Effects of Fertilization Rate on Forage Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Artificial Grassland in an Alpine Arid Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(8): 1368-1379.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.08.007

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I8/1368

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土层 Layer (cm)	有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	田间持水量 Field capacity (cm³·cm^-3)
0-10	19.92	0.75	25.82	6.11	1.44	0.278
10-20	20.90	1.02	14.68	5.43	1.48	0.292
20-30	24.74	0.75	9.09	5.56	1.63	0.269
30-40	15.30	0.49	4.83	2.93	1.60	0.273
40-60	10.60	0.21	2.76	2.18	1.46	0.270
60-100	6.73	0.15	2.53	2.12	1.55	0.263

方差分析 Analysis of variance	燕麦干物质产量 Dry matter of oat	燕麦粗蛋白产量 Crude protein of oat	箭筈豌豆干物质产量 Dry matter of vetch	箭筈豌豆粗蛋白产量 Crude protein of vetch	总干物质产量 Total dry matter	总粗蛋白产量 Total crude protein
P	**	**	**	**	**	**
F	**	**	**	*	**	**
P× F	**	NS	**	**	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	干物质水分利用效率 Water use efficiency for dry matter (kg·m^-3)	粗蛋白水分利用效率 Water use efficiency for crude protein (kg·m^-3)
2017	单播高肥 Sole oat with high fertilization	254.1a	3.79a	0.212b
	单播低肥 Sole oat with low fertilization	219.9b	3.24b	0.155c
	混播高肥 Oat/Vetch with high fertilization	277.8a	3.69a	0.298a
	混播低肥 Oat/Vetch with low fertilization	281.1a	2.94c	0.237b
2018	单播高肥 Sole oat with high fertilization	353.5ab	1.90a	0.090b
	单播低肥 Sole oat with low fertilization	344.8b	1.84a	0.084b
	混播高肥 Oat/Vetch with high fertilization	392.0a	1.94a	0.147a
	混播低肥 Oat/Vetch with low fertilization	370.2ab	1.82a	0.117ab
方差分析 Analysis of variance
P		*	*	**
F		**	**	**
P×F		NS	NS	NS