中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 893-908.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.011
杨江波,张绩,李俊杰,郑永强,吕强,谢让金,马岩岩,邓烈,何绍兰,易时来()
收稿日期:
2018-10-22
接受日期:
2018-12-28
出版日期:
2019-03-01
发布日期:
2019-03-12
通讯作者:
易时来
作者简介:
杨江波,E-mail: 基金资助:
YANG JiangBo,ZHANG Ji,LI JunJie,ZHENG YongQiang,LÜ Qiang,XIE RangJin,MA YanYan,DENG Lie,HE ShaoLan,YI ShiLai()
Received:
2018-10-22
Accepted:
2018-12-28
Online:
2019-03-01
Published:
2019-03-12
Contact:
ShiLai YI
摘要: 【目的】 通过在三峡重庆库区典型代表性柑橘园研究不同施氮水平对晚熟柑橘塔罗科血橙树体养分吸收、果实产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响,为三峡重庆库区晚熟柑橘优质丰产提供理论依据。【方法】 以7年生枳橙砧塔罗科血橙为试材,研究在0(N0)、1(N1)、1.5(N2)、2(N3)、2.5(N4)和3 kg/株(N5)6个施氮水平处理下树体枝梢干物质积累量、枝叶与果实养分吸收、果实产量和品质以及土壤理化性质的差异。【结果】 本试验结果表明,不同施氮水平处理后,血橙各时期叶片和枝条干物质量变化趋势相似,均表现为随着施氮量的增加显著增加,但春梢叶片干物质量在N3—N5处理差异不显著。不同时期的枝叶干物质量均表现为春梢大于秋梢,叶片干物质量要远大于枝条。春梢的氮、磷、钾养分吸收量在N0处理下均为最低,随着氮肥施入,吸收量显著增加,其中叶片的氮吸收量在N2处理达到峰值,磷、钾吸收量在N3处理达到峰值,随后有所下降,但差异不显著,枝条的养分吸收量一直在增加,N3—N5处理差异不显著。秋梢叶片和枝条的氮吸收量随着施氮量增加显著增加,在N5处理达到最大值,磷和钾吸收量在N0处理时略高于低氮处理(N1、N2),而高氮(N3—N5)处理显著增加。果实氮和钾含量随施氮量增加呈先增后降趋势,在N2处理达到最大值,各处理的果实磷含量差异不显著。果肉中氮和钾含量远高于果皮,而果皮中的磷含量高于果肉。不同施氮处理的果实养分带走量差异显著,随着施氮量的增加,果实氮、磷、钾养分带走量以N2处理最高,显著高于其他各处理;果实养分带走量顺序为钾>氮>磷。随着氮肥投入增加,土壤有机质含量显著下降,碱解氮和有效磷含量显著增加,速效钾含量在N3处理达到最大值后开始降低。土壤硝态氮淋溶作用随着施氮量增加而增大,0—20 cm土层内以N2处理硝态氮含量最高,显著高于N5处理;铵态氮含量比较稳定,与施氮量呈正相关;20—40 cm土层内各处理间的硝态氮、铵态氮含量差异均不显著;40—60 cm土层内高氮处理下硝态氮含量显著增加,而铵态氮含量变化不明显。果皮厚度与施氮量呈正相关,果实纵径、横径、单果重和产量均随着施氮量增加先增加后降低,N3处理纵、横径显著高于其他处理,而N2处理的单果重和产量最高。可溶性固形物含量随施氮量增加呈先增后降趋势,各处理间差异不显著;随施氮量的增加,可滴定酸含量增加,固酸比下降;维生素C和花色苷含量变化趋势相似,在N2处理达到最大值,随后显著降低。果实着色在N3处理下相对较好。相关性分析表明,叶片氮含量与果实可滴定酸含量和果皮厚度呈正相关,与固酸比呈负相关,土壤碱解氮含量与可滴定酸含量和果皮厚度呈极显著正相关,与固酸比呈极显著负相关。【结论】 综合考虑,在三峡重庆库区柑橘园中,纯氮推荐用量为0.63—0.86 kg/plant,可保证果园较高的产量和果实品质水平,有利于血橙树体的养分吸收利用,同时果园土壤环境污染风险相对较小。
杨江波,张绩,李俊杰,郑永强,吕强,谢让金,马岩岩,邓烈,何绍兰,易时来. 三峡重庆库区施氮水平对塔罗科血橙树体养分、产量品质及土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 893-908.
YANG JiangBo,ZHANG Ji,LI JunJie,ZHENG YongQiang,LÜ Qiang,XIE RangJin,MA YanYan,DENG Lie,HE ShaoLan,YI ShiLai. Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Nutrient, Yield and Quality of Tarocco Blood Orange and Soil Physicochemical Properties in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 893-908.
表1
施氮对血橙枝梢养分吸收的影响"
枝梢类型 Shoot type | 处理 Treatment | 叶片Leaves (g/plant) | 枝条Twigs (g/plant) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
春梢 Spring shoot | N0 | 40.39±7.14c | 5.42±0.88c | 16.90±2.02c | 4.26±0.31c | 0.97±0.11c | 2.00±0.39c |
N1 | 59.55±6.42b | 7.83±0.38b | 26.28±3.26b | 5.08±0.82c | 1.35±0.11b | 3.03±0.43b | |
N2 | 81.81±9.93a | 9.20±0.77a | 25.97±2.64b | 6.71±0.63b | 1.44±0.07ab | 3.50±0.12ab | |
N3 | 70.47±6.00ab | 9.67±0.27a | 36.20±3.61a | 6.62±0.48b | 1.55±0.15a | 3.29±0.47ab | |
N4 | 72.79±5.75ab | 9.61±0.92a | 36.08±2.96a | 7.12±0.30ab | 1.62±0.10a | 4.04±0.52a | |
N5 | 78.54±7.56a | 9.29±0.83a | 37.02±3.73a | 7.86±0.55a | 1.63±0.10a | 3.76±0.41ab | |
秋梢 Autumn shoot | N0 | 18.97±1.85c | 5.17±0.60c | 12.66±0.61c | 2.48±0.78c | 0.98±0.11c | 2.12±0.22b |
N1 | 19.86±2.24c | 3.67±0.30d | 8.88±0.68d | 2.92±0.19c | 0.71±0.08d | 1.50±0.14b | |
N2 | 22.61±2.20c | 4.68±0.66cd | 11.23±1.51cd | 3.14±0.74c | 0.80±0.12cd | 2.07±0.48b | |
N3 | 33.49±3.34b | 6.82±0.87b | 16.98±1.89b | 4.54±0.69b | 1.30±0.09b | 3.28±0.29a | |
N4 | 34.66±4.24b | 7.75±0.56b | 19.64±1.51a | 4.66±0.79b | 1.32±0.18b | 3.59±0.51a | |
N5 | 46.88±2.68a | 9.17±0.65a | 20.14±1.93a | 6.22±0.62a | 1.60±0.19a | 3.91±0.58a |
表3
施氮对血橙园土壤理化性质的影响"
处理 Treatment | 土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g?cm-3) | 有机质 Organic matter (g?kg-1) | 碱解氮 Available N (mg?kg-1) | 有效磷 Available P (mg?kg-1) | 速效钾 Available K (mg?kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | 1.42±0.22a | 12.00±0.85a | 55.91±4.14c | 56.50±3.33bc | 163.26±8.26d |
N1 | 1.40±0.09a | 10.07±0.75b | 56.68±2.49c | 52.04±5.03c | 249.95±9.13c |
N2 | 1.52±0.04a | 8.72±1.75bc | 60.10±7.45c | 68.83±11.74b | 261.51±8.57c |
N3 | 1.35±0.09a | 9.50±1.00b | 71.79±2.20b | 72.32±9.91b | 348.96±7.45a |
N4 | 1.46±0.13a | 6.91±0.71cd | 79.24±3.49ab | 116.08±12.59a | 297.41±10.54b |
N5 | 1.42±0.18a | 6.71±0.72d | 81.13±6.89a | 130.24±3.88a | 246.96±7.18c |
表4
施氮对血橙果实大小和果皮厚度的影响"
处理 Treatment | 纵径 Vertical diameter (mm) | 横径 Transverse diameter (mm) | 果形指数 Shape index | 果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | 69.28±1.85c | 71.50±2.46b | 0.97±0.01a | 2.88±0.33c |
N1 | 70.83±0.44bc | 71.67±0.88b | 0.99±0.03a | 3.34±0.20bc |
N2 | 73.22±0.51b | 73.50±1.09ab | 1.00±0.03a | 3.34±0.30bc |
N3 | 77.11±2.50a | 76.50±1.42a | 1.01±0.02a | 3.74±0.30b |
N4 | 74.50±1.27b | 74.00±2.00ab | 1.01±0.03a | 4.52±0.11a |
N5 | 73.89±1.59b | 73.22±1.51b | 1.01±0.01a | 4.69±0.53a |
表5
施氮对血橙果实内在品质的影响"
处理 Treatment | 可溶性固形物 TSS (%) | 可滴定酸 TA (%) | 固酸比 TSS/TA |
---|---|---|---|
N0 | 10.83±0.50a | 0.71±0.02b | 15.21±0.40a |
N1 | 11.07±0.21a | 0.77±0.04ab | 14.39±0.56a |
N2 | 11.20±0.36a | 0.82±0.12a | 13.60±0.40ab |
N3 | 11.27±0.25a | 0.80±0.02ab | 14.03±0.50ab |
N4 | 10.73±0.23a | 0.83±0.05a | 12.97±0.19b |
N5 | 10.67±0.55a | 0.85±0.02a | 12.57±0.04b |
表6
施氮对血橙果面颜色的影响"
处理 Treatment | L | a | b | a/b |
---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | 65.08±0.61a | 25.45±0.33c | 34.97±0.44a | 0.73±0.02d |
N1 | 59.66±1.54d | 27.81±0.26ab | 32.35±0.30cd | 0.86±0.02b |
N2 | 61.13±0.44cd | 27.38±0.57b | 32.91±1.38bc | 0.83±0.05bc |
N3 | 61.97±0.90bc | 28.83±0.72a | 31.26±1.03d | 0.93±0.05a |
N4 | 62.02±1.79bc | 27.82±0.99ab | 32.95±0.60bc | 0.84±0.04bc |
N5 | 64.04±1.34ab | 27.23±0.70b | 34.39±0.95ab | 0.79±0.03cd |
表7
土壤、叶片氮含量与果实养分间的相关性"
成分 Parameters | 果实养分含量 Nutrient content in fruit | 果实养分带走量 Nutrient removal amount of fruit | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | |
春梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in spring leaves | 0.082 | -0.041 | 0.329 | 0.376 | 0.296 | 0.366 |
秋梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in autumn leaves | 0.306 | -0.184 | 0.151 | 0.113 | 0.021 | 0.288 |
碱解氮含量 Available Nitrogen content | 0.254 | -0.192 | -0.167 | -0.323 | -0.482* | -0.372 |
表8
土壤、叶片氮含量与果实产量、品质的相关性"
成分 Parameters | 可溶性固形物 TSS | 可滴定酸 TA | 固酸比 TSS/TA | 维生素C Vc | 花色苷 Anthocyanin | 果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness | 产量 Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
春梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in spring leaves | -0.257 | 0.358 | -0.278 | 0.103 | 0.246 | 0.568* | 0.394 |
秋梢叶氮含量 Nitrogen content in autumn leaves | -0.319 | 0.493* | -0.568* | 0.137 | 0.149 | 0.520* | 0.345 |
碱解氮含量 Available nitrogen content | -0.353 | 0.635** | -0.719** | 0.264 | -0.047 | 0.917** | -0.206 |
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