江苏省水稻减肥增产的潜力与机制分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确当前江苏省水稻种植区域的施肥现状与问题,定量研究化学氮肥减量对水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响,以评估氮肥减量优化在水稻生产中的适用性。【方法】以江苏省为研究对象,通过对1 502家农户进行调查,分析水稻施氮量（化肥氮）、产量与氮效率（氮肥偏生产力）现状。同时结合文献检索获得的 49篇大田试验文献共 195 组试验数据,采用整合分析方法（Meta-analysis）,定量分析氮肥减量对水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响特征。【结果】农户调研数据表明,江苏省农户水稻生产的平均产量、氮肥用量和氮肥偏生产力分别为8 273 kg·hm ^-2、358.10 kg·hm ^-2和 25.12 kg·kg ^-1。文献数据整合分析表明,在江苏地区,与传统/常规施氮相比,氮肥减量显著降低植株氮素吸收量（-5.8%—-14.0%）,在一定程度上抑制了穗数的产生（-2.09%—-5.46%）,同时通过增加穗粒数（3.96%—6.79%）、结实率（2.00%—3.88%）以及千粒重（0.89%—2.10%）来提高水稻产量（2.8%—5.7%）和氮肥偏生产力（52.4%—77.0%）。氮肥减量优化下,籼稻的产量与氮效率的提升效果优于粳稻。减量方式以氮肥减量后进行合理养分运筹同时增施有机肥（秸秆）对水稻增产增效的效果最显著。减量比例以≤25%最佳。高基础地力条件下更有利于在保证水稻产量的前提下实现氮肥减量。综合分析得出,江苏省水稻的氮肥减量可以通过调控运筹与增施有机肥实现,其推荐减量空间为31%,其中基、蘖肥是其主要的减量方向。【结论】江苏省水稻化学氮肥减量可行,基肥与分蘖肥为主要的减量方向。将氮肥减量控制在31%以内,同时进行优化管理,能够合理调控水稻各产量构成因素,实现水稻增产增效。

关键词: 水稻, 化学氮肥减量, 产量及产量构成, 氮素吸收与利用, 农户调研, 整合分析

Abstract:

：【Objective】To evaluate the applicability of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and optimization for rice productivity in Jiangsu Province, the current situations and existed problems of fertilizer application were studied, and the effects of reducing nitrogen application on rice yield formation, nitrogen uptake and utilization were quantified.【Method】The current situations of rice nitrogen application rate (chemical nitrogen), grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (PFP_N, Partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen) were conducted by 1 502 farmer surveys in Jiangsu Province. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen reduction on rice productivity was evaluated by using Meta-analysis with 195 observations from 49 previous published studies. 【Result】The data of farmer practices survey showed that the averaged rice yield, nitrogen application rate and PFP_N in Jiangsu Province were 8 273 kg·hm ^-2, 358.10 kg·hm ^-2 and 25.12 kg·kg ^-1, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that after reducing the N rate, the yield and PFP_N increased by 2.8%-5.7% and 52.4%-77.0%, respectively, compared with traditional/conventional nitrogen application in Jiangsu province. The increased rice yield and PFP_N were attributed to the regulated nitrogen uptake (-5.8%- -14.0%), which reducing the rice panicle number by 2.09%-5.46%, while increasing the grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight by 3.96%-6.79%, 2.00%-3.88% and 0.89%-2.10%, respectively. The enhancing effects of reducing nitrogen application on rice yield and nitrogen efficiency in indica rice were higher than those of japonica rice. Reducing the nitrogen application based on reasonable nutrient management combined with organic matter (straw) input had the best effects (high yield and high nutrient efficiency). Present study also showed that the best reduction proportion of nitrogen application was supposed to lower than 25%. Moreover, the soils with high fertility were more conducive to achieve nitrogen fertilizer reduction with ensured rice yield. Taken together, the nitrogen reduction of rice in Jiangsu province could be realized by adjusting the nitrogen management and applying organic fertilizer. The recommended reduction space of nitrogen fertilizer was 31%, in which the basal and tillering fertilizers were the main decreasing direction. 【Conclusion】The reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer application of rice in Jiangsu province could be achieved while the basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer should be most considered. The yield components of rice could be controlled reasonably, and the yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice could be improved by reducing nitrogen application when controlling the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer within 31% and combined with optimizing management.

Key words: rice, reducing chemical nitrogen application, yield and yield component, nitrogen uptake and utilization, farmer practices survey, Meta-analysis

郭俊杰,柴以潇,李玲,高丽敏,谢凯柳,凌宁,郭世伟. 江苏省水稻减肥增产的潜力与机制分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(5): 849-859.

GUO JunJie,CHAI YiXiao,LI Ling,GAO LiMin,XIE KaiLiu,LING Ning,GUO ShiWei. The Potential and Related Mechanisms of Increasing Rice Yield by Reducing Chemical Nitrogen Application in Jiangsu Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(5): 849-859.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.007

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I5/849

图/表 5

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

参考文献 41

[1]	彭少兵, 黄见良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森 , Roland Buresh, Christian Witt. 提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略. 中国农业科学, 2002,35(9):1095-1103. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2002.09.012
	PENG S B, HUANG J L, ZHONG X H, YANG J C, WANG G H, ZOU Y B, ZHANG F S, ZHU Q S, ROLAND B, CHRISTIAN W . Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2002,35(9):1095-1103. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2002.09.012
[2]	PENG S B, TANG Q Y, ZOU Y B .Current status and challenges of rice production in China. Plant Production Science, 2009,12(1):3-8. doi: 10.1626/pps.12.3
[3]	CHEN J, HUANG Y, TANG Y H .Quantifying economically and ecologically optimum nitrogen rates for rice production in south- eastern China. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2011,142(3):195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.005
[4]	马立珩, 张莹, 隋标, 刘彩玲, 王萍, 顾琐娣, 沈其荣, 徐茂, 郭世伟 .江苏省水稻过量施肥的影响因素分析. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2011,32(2):48-52.
	MA L H, ZHANG Y, SUI B, LIU C L, WANG P, GU S D, SHEN Q R, XU M, GUO S W . The impact factors of excessive fertilization in Jiangsu Province. Journal of Yangzhou University(Agricultural and Life Science Edition) , 2011,32(2):48-52. (in Chinese)
[5]	PENG S B, BURESH R J, HUANG J L, YANG J C, ZOU Y B, ZHONG X H, WANG G H, ZHANG F S .Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice systems in China. Field Crops Research, 2006,96(1):37-47. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2005.05.004
[6]	SUI B, FENG X M, TIAN G L, HU X Y, SHEN Q R, GUO S W .Optimizing nitrogen supply increases rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency by regulating yield formation factors. Field Crops Research, 2013,150(15):99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.012
[7]	XUE L H, YU Y L, YANG L Z .Maintaining yields and reducing nitrogen loss in rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake region with proper fertilizer management. Environmental Research Letters, 2014,9(11):115010. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115010. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/115010
[8]	ZHANG M, TIAN Y H, ZHAO M, YIN B, ZHU Z L .The assessment of nitrate leaching in a rice-wheat rotation system using an improved agronomic practice aimed to increase rice crop yields. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017,241:100-109. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.002
[9]	JU X T, XING G X, Chen X P, ZHANG S L, ZHANG L J, LIU X J, CUI Z L, YIN B, CHRISTIE P, ZHU Z L, ZHANG F S .Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009,106(9):3041. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813417106
[10]	XUE Y G, DUAN H, LIU L J, WANG Z Q, YANG J C, ZHANG J H .An improved crop management increases grain yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency in rice. Crop Science, 2013,53(1):271-284. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2012.06.0360
[11]	黄进宝, 范晓晖, 张绍林, 葛高飞, 孙永红, 冯霞 .太湖地区黄泥土壤水稻氮素利用与经济生态适宜施氮量. 生态学报, 2007,27(2):588-595. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.02.021
	HUANG J B, FAN X H, ZHANG S L, GE G F, SUN Y H, FENG X . Investigation on the economically-ecologically appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in rice production in Fe-leaching-Stagnic Anthrosols of the Taihu Lake region. Acta Ecologica Sinica , 2007,27(2):588-595. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.02.021
[12]	宁运旺, 张永春 .基于土壤氮素平衡的氮肥推荐方法—以水稻为例. 土壤学报,2015(2):281-292. doi: 10.11766/trxb201405150234
	NING Y W, ZHANG Y C .Soil nitrogen balance based recommendation of nitrogen fertilization: A case study of rice.Acta Pedologica Sinica ,2015(2):281-292. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11766/trxb201405150234
[13]	FAN M S, LAL R, CAO J, QIAO L, SU Y S, JIANG R F, Zhang F S .Plant-based assessment of inherent soil productivity and contributions to China's cereal crop yield increase since 1980. PLoS ONE, 2013,8(9):e74617. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074617 pmid: 3776784
[14]	张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 崔振岭, 马文奇, 陈新平, 江荣风 .中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径. 土壤学报, 2008,45(5):915-924. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2008.05.018
	ZHANG F S, WANG J Q, ZHANG W F, CUI Z L, MA W Q, CHEN X P, JIANG R F . Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedologica Sinica , 2008,45(5):915-924. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3929.2008.05.018
[15]	HEDGES L V, GUREVITCH J, CURITIS P S .The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology, 1999,80(4):1150-1156. doi: 10.2307/177062
[16]	LIU C, LU M, CUI J, LI B, FANG C M .Effects of straw carbon input on carbon dynamics in agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2014,20(5):1366-1381. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12517 pmid: 24395454
[17]	SHU K L, CHEN D, NORTON R, ARMSTRONG R, MOSIER A R .Nitrogen dynamics in grain crop and legume pasture systems under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration: A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2012,18(9):2853-2859. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02758.x pmid: 24501062
[18]	GUREVITCH J .MetaWin version 2.14. Statistical software for meta-analysis. 2000.
[19]	ADAMS D C, GUREVITCH J, ROSENBERG M S .Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology, 1997,78(4):1277-1283. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1277:RTFMAO]2.0.CO;2
[20]	WU L, CHEN X P, CUI Z L, WANG G L, ZHANG W F .Improving nitrogen management via a regional management plan for Chinese rice production. Environmental Research Letters, 2015,10(9):095011 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095011
[21]	王海, 席运官, 陈瑞冰, 徐欣, 魏琴, 李菊英 .太湖地区肥料、农药过量施用调查研究. 农业资源与环境学报, 2009,26(3):10-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-4944.2009.03.003
	WANG H, XI Y G, CHEN R B, XU X, WEI Q, LI J Y . Investigation on excessive application of fertilizer and pesticides in Taihu Lake region. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment , 2009,26(3):10-15. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-4944.2009.03.003
[22]	CUI Z L, WANG G L, YUE S C, WU L, ZHANG W F, ZHANG F S, CHEN X P .Closing the N-use efficiency gap to achieve food and environmental security. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(10):5780-5787. doi: 10.1021/es5007127 pmid: 24742316
[23]	巨晓棠, 谷保静 .我国农田氮肥施用现状, 问题及趋势. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20(4):783-795. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0401
	JU X T, GU B J . Status-quo, problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer , 2014,20(4):783-795. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0401
[24]	ZHANG Q F .Strategies for developing Green Super Rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007,104(42):16402-16409. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0708013104
[25]	XIA L L, LAM S K, CHEN D M, WANG J Y, TANG Q, YAN X Y .Can knowledge-based N management produce more staple grain with lower greenhouse gas emission and reactive nitrogen pollution? A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2017,23(5):1917-1925. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13455 pmid: 27506858
[26]	CHEN X P, CUI Z L, FAN M S, VITOUSEK P, ZHAO M, MA W Q, WANG Z L, ZHANG W J, YAN X Y, YANG J C, DENG X P, GAO Q, ZHANG Q, GUO S W, REN J, LI S Q, YE Y L, WANG Z H, HUANG J L, TANG Q Y, SUN Y X, PENG X L, ZHANG J W, HE M R, ZHU Y J, XUE J Q, WANG G L, WU L, AN N, WU L Q, MA L, ZHANG W F, ZHANG F S .Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 2014,514(7523):486-489. doi: 10.1038/nature13609 pmid: 25186728
[27]	LONGNECKER N KIRBY E J M,ROBSON A,. Leaf emergence, tiller growth, and apical development of nitrogen-deficient spring wheat. Crop Science, 1993,33(1):154. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300010028x
[28]	ZHONG X H, PENG S B, SANICO A L, LIU H X .Quantifying the interactive effect of leaf nitrogen and leaf area on tillering of rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2003,26(2):1203-1222. doi: 10.1081/PLN-120020365
[29]	SUN Y J, MA J, SUN Y Y, XU H, YANG Z Y, LIU S J, JIA X W, ZHENG H Z .The effects of different water and nitrogen managements on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in hybrid rice of China. Field Crops Research, 2012,127(1):85-98. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.015
[30]	KOBAYASI K, NAKASE H, IMAKI T .Effects of planting density and topdressing at the panicle initiation stage on spikelet number per unit Area. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 2001,70(1):34-39. doi: 10.1626/jcs.70.34
[31]	KOBAYASI K, YAMANE K, IMAKI T .Effects of non-structural carbohydrates on spikelet differentiation in rice. Plant Production Science, 2001,4(1):9-14. doi: 10.1626/pps.4.9
[32]	FU L, WANG Y, SUI X, REN H, LI X, LI B .Effects of the different rate of nitrogen base-tiller and panicle fertilizer on development and yield of super rice. Crops, 2010,5:012. doi: 10.1016/S1875-2780(09)60057-2
[33]	刘立军, 杨立年, 孙小淋, 王志琴, 杨建昌 .水稻实地氮肥管理的氮肥利用效率及其生理原因. 作物学报, 2009,35(9):1672-1680. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01672
	LIU L J, YANG L N, SUN X L, WANG Z Q, YANG J C . Fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and its physiological mechanism under site-specific nitrogen management in rice. Acta Agronomica Sinica , 2009,35(9):1672-1680. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01672
[34]	KOUTROUBAS S D, NTANOS D A .Genotypic differences for grain yield and nitrogen utilization in Indica and Japonica rice under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research, 2003,83(3):251-260. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00067-4
[35]	龚金龙, 邢志鹏, 胡雅杰, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉 .籼、粳超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运差异研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20(4):796-810. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0402
	GONG J L, XING Z P, HU Y J, ZHANG H C, DAI Q G, HUO Z Y, XU K, WEI H Y, GAO H . Differences of nitrogen uptake, utilization and translocation between indica and japonica super rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer , 2014,20(4):796-810. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0402
[36]	安宁, 范明生, 张福锁 .水稻最佳作物管理技术的增产增效作用. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(4):846-852. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403
	AN N, FAN M S, ZHANG F S . Best crop management practices increase rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer , 2015,21(4):846-852. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2015.0403
[37]	GUO J J, LIU W B, ZHU C, LUO G W, KONG Y L, LING N, WANG M, DAI J Y, SHEN Q R, GUO S W .Bacterial rather than fungal community composition is associated with microbial activities and nutrient-use efficiencies in a paddy soil with short-term organic amendments. Plant and Soil, 2018,424:335. doi: 10.1007/s11104-017-3547-8
[38]	TOMMY D, GREET R, NICOLE V, JANE D, THIJS V N, JOHAN V V, WIM C, KOEN W, BART V .Farm compost amendment and non-inversion tillage improve soil quality without increasing the risk for N and P leaching. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2016,225:126-139. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.035
[39]	全思懋, 王绪奎, 胡锋 .江苏省农田土壤全氮含量变化及其影响因子. 南京农业大学学报, 2018,41(6):1078-1084. doi: 10.7685/jnau.201806030
	QUAN S M, WANG X K, HU F . Changes of soil total nitrogen content in farmland of Jiangsu Province and its influencing factors. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2018,41(6):1078-1084. (in Chinese) doi: 10.7685/jnau.201806030
[40]	马力, 杨林章, 沈明星, 夏立忠, 李运东, 刘国华, 殷士学 .基于长期定位试验的典型稻麦轮作区作物产量稳定性研究. 农业工程学报, 2011,27(4):117-124. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.04.020
	MA L, YANG L Z, SHEN M X, XIA L Z, LI Y D, LIU G H, YIN S X . Study on crop yield stability in a typical region of rice-wheat rotation based on long-term fertilization experiment. Transactions of the CSAE , 2011,27(4):117-124. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.04.020
[41]	曾祥明, 韩宝吉, 徐芳森, 黄见良, 蔡红梅, 石磊 .不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012,45(14):2886-2894. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.14.011
	ZENG X M, HAN B J, XU F S, HUANG J L, CAI H M, SHI L . Effect of optimized fertilization on grain yield of rice and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields with different basic soil fertilities. Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 2012,45(14):2886-2894. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.14.011